AN OVERVIEW OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY. pptx .

An overview of applied phycology ,
Microalgal technology

1. SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION OF ALGAE AND GENERAL CHARACTERS DERIVED FROM THE LACTIN WORD HISTORY OF ALGAE WHERE ARE ALGAE ABOUND? ECOLOGY ALGAL BLOOMS EUTROPHICATION SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES PROKARYOTIC Vs EUKARYOTIC ALGAE

2. INTRODUCTION OF ALGAE AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Phycology is the study of algae.
This discipline deals with the morphology, ecology, classification, biochemistry, and economic importance of different types of algae.
Derived from two Greek words phycos meaning algae
logos meaning understanding.

3. Derived from Latin word alga meaning seaweeds
Seaweed is a macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae that lives near the seabed. The term includes some members of the red, brown and green algae

4. FOSSIL HISTORY OF ALGAE 3.5 billion years ago
Cyanobacteria-first algae
Prokaryotes-lack membrane bound organelles (cyanobacteria that is a blue green algae)
Later eukaryotes evolved-mitochondria, chloroplasts. And nucleus with chromosomes containing DNA.

5. Where are algae abound? Ecology Alga are aquatic and found both in fresh and salt water
Kelp (large seaweed/algae belonging to the brown algae) form fores forest up to 50 m height are the marine equivalent to terrestrial forest.
Some algae encrust with carbonate, building reef-like structures; Cyanobacteria can from rock-like structures in warm areas: stromatolites .

6. Where are algae abound? Algae grow or are attached to animals and serve as camouflage for the animal
Live in the hollow hairs of polar bears (and each of these ridges contains unicellular Cyanoderma and Trichophilus blue green algae or cyanophyte )
Algae live in animals such as Hydra, corals, or the ciliate Paramecium; in corals they are referred to as zooxanthellae Algae can cover trees or buildings green.

7. Where are algae abound? Small algae live on the other plant: epiphytes (chlorella)
Some algae live inside the cell of other plant: endophytes ( Chondrus crispus ( Rhodophyta )
Algae in free water: phytoplankton
Terrestrial algae: found in moist shady soils or rocks

8. Where are algae abound? Algae live on the snow cover of glaciers and in the brine channels of sea ice.
Symbionts: association of
algae and fungi produced the lichens
Benthos: Benthic algae usually cover hard bottoms of the seabed

9. Algal blooms An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system.
Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments.
➤ Algae can be so dominant that they discolor the water
Higher amounts of nutrients are usually the cause of algal bloom (phosphorus and nitrate availability)

10. Algal blooms can have harmful effects on life and ecosystem
→ Reduced water clarity causes benthic communities to die off
→ Fish kills are common effects
50% of algal blooms produce toxins harmful to other organisms, including humans
→ Algal blooms effect food web structure and species composition
Algal blooms is the source of Eutrophication

11. Eutrophication “The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth of algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the available oxygen in water body, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish. Eutrophication is a natural, slow-aging process for a water body, but human activity greatly speeds up the process.”

12. Similarities Presence of cell wall-mostly cellulosic.
Autotrophs/Primary producers-carry out photosynthesis
Presence of chlorophyll a Differences leaves, Algae lack the the roots, stems, leav and other structures typical of true plants.
Algae do not have vascular tissues-non vascular plants
Algae do not form embryos within protective coverings-all cells are fertile.Variations in pigments.Variations in cell structure-unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms.

13. PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC ALGAE Prokaryotes

---No nuclear region and complex organelles-chloroplasts, mitochondria, golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticula.
Cyanobacteria. Chlorophylls are on internal membranes of flattened vesicles called thylakoids-contain photosynthetic pigments. Phycobiliproteins occur in granular structures called phycobilisomes .

14. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Agae Eukaryotes --- Distinct chloroplast, nuclear region and complex organelles.
Thylakoids are grouped into grana pyrenoids are centers of carbon dioxide fixation within the chloroplast of algae. Pyrenoids are not membrane-bound organelles, but specialized areas of the plastids that contain high levels of
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase granum with a Stack of thylakoids

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