Analysis of Cations and anions in Coconut water

Chemistry investigatory project on analysis of anions and cations and foodstuff. For class 12. Kendriya Vidyalaya chemistry investigatory project made by Saurabh Yadav

1. CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
ON

Analysis Of Cations, Anions And
Food Stuffs Present In Coconut
Water



PREPARED BY:- GUIDED BY:-
Saurabh Yadav Mr. Sushil Kumar Yadav
Class-XII
Roll No.-

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my foremost duty to express my deep
regards to my Chemistry teacher Mr . Sushil
Kumar under whose guidance and supervision I
am able to undertake this project. It is she who
has been my primary source of inspiration and
who motivated, guided and encouraged me at
different stages to make this project. I am also
thankful for the help rendered by our lab teacher
who made available the various apparatus and
chemicals needed for the experiments, else it
would have been a difficult task to perform this
project successfully. I also want to thank the lab
attendant for their invaluable help.


Saurabh Yadav
2019-20

3. CERTIFICATE

This to certify that “Saurabh Yadav” of
class XII bearing roll no- who is
going to appear for AISSCE -2020 has
successfully completed all the practicals
and projects in Chemistry during the
session 2019-2020 as per the prescribed
syllabus of C.B.S.E., New Delhi.




Internal Examiner:__________ Principal:__________
External Examiner:__________ Date:__________

4. AIM


TO ANALYSE FOR THE PRESENCE OF
CATIONS, ANIONS AND FOOD STUFFS
PRESENT IN COCONUT WATER

5. CONTENTS






 Introduction
 Application of coconut water
 Aim
 Requirements
 Wet test (Acidic Radical)
 Wet Test (Basic Radical)
 Test for food Stuff
 Conclusion
 Precaution
 Bibiliography

6. INTRODUCTION
The coconut (Cocosnucifera L.) is an important fruit tree in
the tropical regions and the fruit can be made into a variety
of foods and beverages . The edible part of the coconut fruit
(coconut meat and coconut water) is the endosperm tissue.
Endosperm tissues undergo one of three main modes of
development, which are the nuclear, cellular and helobial
modes and the development of coconut endosperm belongs
to the nuclear mode. Initially, the endosperm is a liquid
containing free nuclei generated by a process, in which the
primary endosperm nucleus undergoes several cycles of
division without cytokinesis (the process in which the
cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two
daughter cells). Cytokinesis then occurs, progressing from
the periphery towards the centre, thus forming the cellular
endosperm layer. At first, the cellular endosperm is
translucent and jelly-like, but it later hardens at maturity to
become white flesh (coconut meat). Unlike the endosperms
of other plants (e.g., wheat and corn), the cellularisation
process in a coconut fruit does not fill up the entire embryo
sac cavity, but instead leaves the cavity solution-filled. This
solution is commonly known as coconut water and it is of
cytoplasmic origin .

7. Application of coconut water
 Makes an excellent oral rehydration sports beverage -
replaces electrolytes from exercise, heat stress and illness
 Aids in exercise performance
 Natural isotonic beverage – contains the same level of
electrolytes found in human blood
 Has 15 times the amount of potassium as most sports and
energy drinks (264 mg vs 12.5 mg /100 ml)
 Reduces problems for infants suffering from intestinal
disturbances
 Cardioprotective: helps regular blood pressure (due to high
potassium); improves circulation
 Reduces swelling in hands and feet
 Prevents abnormal blood clotting
 Aids in kidney function including those with kidney stones;
Nutritional support for those with urinary tract/bladder
problems
 Helps balance blood sugar in diabetics
 Improves digestion
 Reported by some people to reverse cataracts
 Contains nutrients that feed friendly gut bacteria
 Helps relieve constipation or diarrhea
 Regulates the functioning of the intestine which promotes
smoother, more hydrated skin

8. REQUIREMENTS



 Coconut Water

 Ferrous sulphate solution

 Concentrated sulphuric acid

 Lead acetate solution

 Silver nitrate solution

 Ammonium molybdate

 Concentrated nitric acid

 Potassium dichromate

 Sodium hydroxide solution

 Methylene blue

 Benedict’s solution

 Copper sulphate solution

 Sodium cobaltinate solution

 Disodium hydrogen phosphate

 Ammonium chloride

 Ammonium carbonate

 Potassium pyro antimonite
 Universal indicator

9. WET TEST FOR BASIC
RADICALS





EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Sodium
Potassium
pyroaluminate is
added to coconut
water.

White milkiness
is observed.

Na+ is
confirmed.




Potassium
Freshly prepared
sodium salt




Yellow precipitate
is observed.




K+ is
confirmed.


Calcium
Add solid ammonium
chloride, ammonium
hydroxide and
ammonium carbonate to
coconut water
and ammonium
oxalate solution.



A white
precipitate is
formed

Ca
2+
is
present.

10. WET TEST FOR ACID
RADICALS


EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Chloride
Silver nitrate test:-
Add conc.Nitric acid and
silver nitrate solution.
Chromyl chloride test:-
Mix a small quantity of
the salt with a small
amount of powdered
Potassium dichromate.
Take a mixture in test
tube and add conc.
Sulphuric acid Heat the
tube and pass the red
vapours evolved into a
gas detector containing
sodium hydroxide
solution. To the yellow
thus obtained add dil.
Acetic acid lead acetate
solution.



A white precipitate
is formed.


A Yellow
precipitate is
formed.






Cl
-
may be
present


Cl
-
is present -
confirmed.

Oxalate ion
Add calcium chloride and
acetic acid to the
coconut water.

A white precipitate
is obtained.


Oxalate ion is
present.

11. Nitrate
Copper chips test:-
Heat a small quantity of
coconut water with conc.
Sulphuric acid and few
copper chips.
Brown ring test:-
Add a small quantity of
freshly prepared solution
ferrous sulphate to a part
of the aqueous solution
and then pour conc.
Sulphuric acid slowly
along the sides of the
test tube.


Dark brown fumes
are evolved.



A dark brown ring
forms.



NO3
-
ion may be
present.




NO3
-
is present.


Phosphate
Ammonium molybdate
test: Add conc. Nitric
acid to coconut water
and boil then add
ammonium molybdate
solution to it.



Yellow precipitate is
formed




Phosphate ion is
present

12. TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF
FOOD STUFF

Sr.No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.




2.





4.
Benedict’s test;-
Benedict’s solution is
added to 5ml of
coconut water and
heated in water bath
for 5 minutes

Methylene Blue
test;-
1-2 drops of
methylene blue is
added to coconut
Water.

CuSO4+NaOH
Test:-
Copper sulphate and
NaOH is added to
Coconut water


No precipitate is
Observed




No decolourisati
on is observed





A blue precipitate
is obtained


Reducing sugar
is absent




Reducing sugar
is absent.





Proteins and
fats are
present

13. CONCLUSION

A) The pure sample of coconut water contains
respective ions:-
1. Chloride
2. Nitrate
3. Phosphate
4. Dichromate
5. Zinc
6. Magnesium
7. Potassium
8. Calcium
9. Sodium

B) The pure sample of coconut water is acidic in
nature.
C) The pure sample of coconut water contains
starch, oils and fats.

14. PRECAUTIONS




 Concentrated solutions should be handled with
immense care.

 Hands should be washed thoroughly after
performing each experiment.

 If chemicals come into contact with your skin
or eyes, flush immediately with copious.

 Never leave burners unattended. Turn them
off whenever you leave your workstation.

 Never point a test tube or any vessel that you
are heating at yourself or your neighbor.

 The experiments should be conducted at room
temperature.

15. BIBLIOGRAPHY


To complete this project I have taken help from
the following books and websites:-
1. www.google.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. Comprehensive Chemistry Class XII
4. Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class XII