ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx

A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.
The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside”; oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.�The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri- = “around” or “surrounding”). �The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone .Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue ,spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull (22), vertebral column (26), thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80

Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 (64 in the upper & 62 in the lower) appendicular skeleton.
126+80=206.Skull bones:
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones: The 8 cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column is made up 33 bones.
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. Thoracic cage: The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs.
These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement.
The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back
Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.
the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.
Ear bones (6):
Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes ( the smallest bone in the body) etc..

1. APPLIED NATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY   ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF  BONE S . MRS. WINCY .C PROFESSOR

2. Bone tissue (osseous tissue) : A long bone has two parts: the  diaphysis  and the  epiphysis . The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the  medullary cavity , which is filled with yellow marrow. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard  compact bone . The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.

3. The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the  endosteum  (end- = “inside”; oste - = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur. The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the  periosteum  (peri - =  “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.

4. Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of  diploë   (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone . The two layers of compact bone and the interior spongy bone work together to protect the internal organs.

5. BONE MARKINGS Marking Description Example Articulations Where two bones meet Knee joint Head Prominent rounded surface Head of femur Facet Flat surface Vertebrae Condyle Rounded surface Occipital condyles Projections Raised markings Spinous process of the vertebrae Protuberance Protruding Chin Process Prominence feature Transverse process of vertebra Spine Sharp process Ischial spine Tubercle Small, rounded process Tubercle of humerus Tuberosity Rough surface Deltoid tuberosity Line Slight, elongated ridge Temporal lines of the parietal bones Crest Ridge Iliac crest Holes Holes and depressions Foramen (holes through which blood vessels can pass through) Fossa Elongated basin Mandibular fossa Fovea Small pit Fovea capitis on the head of the femur Sulcus Groove Sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones Canal Passage in bone Auditory canal Fissure Slit through bone Auricular fissure Foramen Hole through bone Foramen magnum in the occipital bone Meatus Opening into canal External auditory meatus Sinus Air-filled space in bone Nasal sinus

6. Bone cells : Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .

7. Cell type Function Location Osteogenic cells Develop into osteoblasts Deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow Osteoblasts Bone formation Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum Osteocytes Maintain mineral concentration of matrix Entrapped in matrix Osteoclasts Bone resorption Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone

8. Compact Bone Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue .It can be found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection.

9. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Like compact bone,  spongy bone , also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Instead, the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called  trabeculae  (singular = trabecula)

10. Blood and Nerve Supply The spongy bone and medullary cavity receive nourishment from arteries that pass through the compact bone. The arteries enter through the  nutrient foramen  (plural = foramina), small openings in the diaphysis. The osteocytes in spongy bone are nourished by blood vessels of the periosteum that penetrate spongy bone and blood that circulates in the marrow cavities. As the blood passes through the marrow cavities, it is collected by veins, which then pass out of the bone through the foramina.

11. Axial and appendicular skeleton: Two parts of skeletal system known as the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton . Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull ( 22) , vertebral column (26) , thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80 Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 ( 64 in the upper & 62 in the lower ) appendicular skeleton. 126+80=206

12. AXIAL SKELETON skull ( 22) , vertebral column (26) , thoracic cage (25), Ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80

13. Skull bones: The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location: Cranial bones : The 8  cranial bones  form the bulk of your  skull . They help to protect your brain. Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones . They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.

14. 8 CRANIAL BONES:

15. FONTANELLES

16. 14 FACIAL BONES:

17. Vertebral column: The vertebral column is made up 33 bones. Cervical vertebrae:  These 7 bones are found in the head and neck. Thoracic vertebrae:  These 12 bones are found in the upper back. Lumbar vertebrae:  These 5 bones are found in the lower back. The  sacrum (5)  and  coccyx (4)  are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the body while sitting.

18. SACRUM AND COCCYX

19. Thoracic cage : The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of  ribs . These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement. The sternum consists of the manubrium , body of the sternum, and xiphoid process. Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs. the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating , fluctuating or vertebral ribs. BONES OF THORACIC CAGE

20. Ear bones (6): Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body: M a ll eus Incus Stapes (this is the smallest bone in the body !!) These three bones articulate with each other and transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. BONES/ OSSICLES OF INNER EAR

21. Hyoid (1 ): (The laryngeal skeleton ) It is located between the trachea and the root of the tongue. The hyoid bone provides an anchor point. The movements of the laryngeal skeleton both open and close the glottis Regulate the degree of tension of the vocal folds, when air is forced through them produce vocal sounds.

22. Appendicular skeleton: There are a total of 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton. It consists of the bones that make up the arms and legs , as well as the bones that attach them to the axial skeleton. Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with total 126 ( 64 in the upper & 62 in the lower ) appendicular skeleton Shoulder girdle (4) Upper limb (30+30 = 60) Pelvic girdle (2) Lower limb (30+30 =60) APPENDICULAR SKELETON:

23. Pectoral girdle: The pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle is where the arms attach to the axial skeleton. It consist clavicle & scapula Clavicle - 2 (collarbone) : Attaches medially to manubrium of sternum & laterally to scapula, prevents shoulder dislocation Scapula - 2 (shoulder blade) : Main function is attachment of shoulder & movement of arms With humerus bone it form shoulder joint

24. Upper limbs: Each arm contains 30 bones Humerus (1+1 = 2) is the long bone of the upper arm which extends from the shoulder to the elbow. The proximal aspect of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, forming the  shoulder joint . Distally, at the  elbow joint , the humerus articulates with the  head of the radius  and trochlear notch of the ulna.

25. Radius (1+1 = 2) The radius is one of two long bones of the forearm, found on the thumb side. Ulna (1+1 = 2) The ulna is the second long bone of the forearm, found on the pinky /little finger side Extends from the elbow to the wrist At the elbow joint , the radius and ulna articulate with the humerus bone At the wrist , the radius articulates with the proximal row of  carpal bones  

26. CARPALS.METACARPALS AND PHALANGES

27. Carpals (R- 8; L – 8 = 16): The carpal bones are  the 8 small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus)  that connects the hand to the forearm up the fingers.

28. Metacarpals (5+5 = 10) : The metacarpals are 5 bones found in the middle area of the hand .

29. Phalanges (14+14 = 28):  The phalanges are 14 bones that make up the fingers.

30. Pelvic girdle: The pelvic girdle, commonly known as the hips , is where the legs attach to the axial skeleton. It’s made up of 2 hipbones - one for each leg. Each hip bone consists of 3 parts, known as the: Ilium :  The  ilium  is the top portion of each hip bone. Ischium :  The ischium is a curved bone that makes up the base of each hip bone. Pubis :  The pubis is located in the front part of the hip bone.

31. PELVIC GIRDLE

32. Lower limbs: Each leg is composed of 30 bones Femur .  The femur is the large bone of the upper leg. The femur is  the only bone in the thigh  and the longest bone in the body. It acts as the site of origin and attachment of many muscles and ligaments. It can be divided into three parts; proximal, shaft and distal Upper part of femur  connect with the pelvis to form the hip joint &  in lower part connect with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

33. TIBIA AND FIBULA : Tibia (Shinbone ) .  The tibia is the main bone of the lower leg. Fibula (Calf Bone ) The fibula is the second bone in the lower leg, found in the outer leg. Tibia and fibula are the 2 long bones located in the lower leg . The tibia is a larger bone on the inside, and the fibula is a smaller bone on the outside. The tibia is much thicker than the fibula. In upper part it form knee joint with femur & in lower part it connect with tarsal bones to form ankle joint.

34. Patella .  The patella is also called the kneecap . The patella is  a small bone located in front of the knee joint , where the thighbone (femur) and shinbone (tibia) meet. It protects and covers the knee It connects the muscles in the front of the thigh to the tibia.

35. Tarsals .   The  tarsal bones  are the seven bones of the foot, they are: 1. Calcaneus, 2. Talus, 3. Navicular, 4. Medial cuneiform, 5. Intermediate cuneiform 6. Lateral cuneiform, 7. Cuboid

36. Metatarsal : The metatarsals are the five bones that make up the middle area of the foot. The metatarsal bones are  the long bones in your foot that connect your ankle to your toes . They also help you balance when you stand and walk

37. Phalanges : The phalanges are 14 bones that comprise the toes. The phalanges (single: phalanx) of the feet are  the tubular bones of the toes . second to fifth toes each contain a proximal, middle and distal phalanx whereas the great toe (hallux) only contains a proximal and distal phalanx,