anatomy&physiology of nervous system.pptx

a&p of nervous system.pptx

1. Anatomy &physiology of nervous system

2. nervous system includes brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, enteric plexus, sensory receptors.

3. Sensory functions Integrative functions: mainly perception Motor functions: muscle contraction ,gland secretion.

4. Nervous System C c entral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain T h alamus H y po t h a la m us Cortex Limbic System Corpus Callosum Peripheral Nervous S y s t em Somatic System A u t onomic System Parasympathetic Division Sympathetic Division organization of nervous system

5. Produced by oligo dendrocytes in cns and Schwann cells in the cns. It appears to be white, shiny

6. White matter composed of myelinated axons. Gray matter composed of dendrites,cell bodies, neuroglia , niss e l bodies

7. Faster communication synchronisation

8. Small molecule neuro transmitters Acetyl choline Aminoacids: glutamate, aspartate Biogenic amines:norepinephrine,epinephrine,dopamine ATP:ATP,ADP,AMP Purines Nitric oxide

9. Neuropeptide Enkephalins Dynorphins Endorphins Substance P

10. It includes brain and Spinalcord

11. Meninges Three layers of meninges Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

12. Volume: 80 ml Functions Mechanical protection Chemical protection circulation

13. Part of brain between diencephalon and spinal cord.

14. Located between the pons and spinal cord. Containsgray matter which has centers that play an important role in many involuntary actions such as respiration. Th e c e nters ar e ca l le d v i ta l c e nter s . The respiratorycenter The cardiaccenter The vasomotorcenter

15. Part of reticular activating system is called RAS(reticular activating system) It helps to maintain consciousness, & active during awakening from sleep.

16. Second largest part of Brain. It coordin a tes Movements , muscle contract i on

17. Divided into two hemispheres, and one middle part(vermis). Outer layer gray matter, inner layer white matter. Located above the brainstem, and beneath the occipital lobes.

18. Coordination in voluntary movement. Helps maintain balanceand equilibrium. Helps maintain muscle tone.

19. NUCLEI ANTERIOR MEDIAL LATERAL VENTARL I N T R ALAMI N A R MIDLINE NUCLEUS RETICULAR

20. TUBERAL MA M MILLARY SUPRA OPTIC REGION 4.PROPTIC REGION

21. Functions Regulator of homeo stasis Production of hormones Regulation of behavioural and emotional patterns Regulation of eating & drinking Control body temperature Regulates circardian rhythm

22. La r gest part of brain. Seat of intelligenc e

23. Frontal Parietal T e m p ora l Occipital

24. The Frontal Lobe lies anterior to the central sulcus.

25. Contains an area that provides the conscious control of skeletal muscles. Contains two areas that are important in speech

26. The Parietal Lobe occupies the superior part of each hemisphere and lies posterior to the central nucleus

27. C o n t ain s a p r i ma r y s e n s o r y a r e a w h ere impulses from the skin are interpreted Estimates distanceandsize

28. The Temporal Lobe lies inferior the lateral sulcus snd folds under the hemi- sphere on each side

29. Responsible for receiving and interpreting Auditory impulses from the ear. An olfactory area that concerns the sense of smell .

30. The Occipital Lobe lies posterior to the parietal lobe and extends over the cerebellum.

31. Visual receiving area and visual association for interpreting impulses from the retina of the eye .

32. Connects the gray matter areas with one another and with other parts of the brain. Dispersed in a tree like pattern Made of myelinatedfibers 3 types of tracts : association tracts, commissural tracts, projection tracts

33. major function is to regulate initiation And termination of movements. controls the contraction of skeletal muscles

34. known as emotional brain It plays role in emotions like Pain, pleasure, anger, affection etc

35. It is known as circle of willis. Circulation is divided into anterior and posterior cerebral circulation

36. 2 sub divisions :deep, superficial

37. 2 pathways Medial lemniscal Spin o thalam ic pathway

38. Measures synaptic potentials produced at cell bodies and dendrites. – Create electrical currents. Used clinically do diagnose epilepsy and brain death.

39. Alpha: Recorded from parietal and occipital regions. 🞄 Person is awake, relaxed, with eyes closed. 🞄 10-12 cycles/sec. Beta: Strongest from frontal lobes near precentral gyrus. 🞄 Produced by visual stimuli and mental activity. 🞄 Evoked activity. 🞄 13-25 cycles/sec. Theta: Emitted from temporal and occipital lobes. 🞄 Common in newborn. 🞄 Adult indicates severe emotional stress. 🞄 5-8 cycles/sec. Delta: Emitted in a general pattern. 🞄 Common during sleep and awake infant. 🞄 In awake adult indicate brain damage. 🞄 1-5 cycles/sec.

40. The brain loses 5-10 % of it’s volume between the ages of 20-90. The grooves widen and the surface shrinks

41. It is cylindrical in shape.it extends from the medulls oblongata to the 2 nd lumbar vertebra. Length:42-45cm

42. An area of skin that Provides sensory Input to the CNS .

43. Maintains homeostasis by nerve impulse propagation and integration of information Reflex activity