anatomy and physiology in detail presentation

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About This Presentation

detail


Slide Content

2010 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (C)2010 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (C)
Karen LancourKaren Lancour Patty PalmiettoPatty Palmietto
National Bio Rules National Bio Rules National Event National Event
Committee Chairman Committee Chairman Supervisor – A & P Supervisor – A & P
[email protected] 2-2-2010

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Event ContentEvent Content: : 20102010

BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYBASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Skeletal systemSkeletal system

Muscular systemMuscular system

Endocrine system Endocrine system

Major disorders Major disorders

Treatment and prevention of disordersTreatment and prevention of disorders

PROCESS SKILLS - PROCESS SKILLS - observations, inferences, observations, inferences,
predictions, calculations, data analysis, and predictions, calculations, data analysis, and
conclusions.conclusions.

Event Rules – 2010

BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2010
EVENT RULES FOR EVENT
PARAMETERS AND TOPICS
FOR EACH COMPETITION
LEVEL

TRAINING MATERIALS

Training Handout Training Handout – – content content

Event Supervisor Guide Event Supervisor Guide – – sample sample
stations, process skills, methodsstations, process skills, methods

Internet Resource Internet Resource – – links to on-line links to on-line
courses, lab manuals, notes, sitescourses, lab manuals, notes, sites

Sample Tournament Sample Tournament – – sample sample
stations with key stations with key

INTERACTION OF SKELETAL
AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS:

Skeletal and Muscular systems -
works together to allow
movement

Ligaments - attach bone to bone

Tendons- attach Muscle to bone
via

Skeletal muscles - produce
movement by bending the
skeleton at movable joints.
Muscles work in antagonistic
pairs.

Skeleton - provides structure of
body and

Muscles - allow skeleton
mobility – pull by contraction of
muscle.

Skeletal System - Functions

Support & shape to bodySupport & shape to body

Protection of internal organsProtection of internal organs

Movement in union with Movement in union with
musclesmuscles

Storage of minerals (calcium, Storage of minerals (calcium,
phosphorus) & lipidsphosphorus) & lipids

Blood cell productionBlood cell production

The Skeletal System
Know the Skeletal AnatomyKnow the Skeletal Anatomy

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton

Surface Anatomy of the boneSurface Anatomy of the bone

By x-ray or diagramBy x-ray or diagram

Structure/function of joints, muscle and Structure/function of joints, muscle and
ligament attachmentsligament attachments

Including range of motionIncluding range of motion

Human
Skeleton

206 Bones206 Bones

Axial skeletonAxial skeleton: (80 : (80
bones) in skull, bones) in skull,
vertebrae, ribs, vertebrae, ribs,
sternum, hyoid bone sternum, hyoid bone

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton: :
(126 bones)- upper & (126 bones)- upper &
lower extremities plus lower extremities plus
two girdles two girdles

Half of bones in hands Half of bones in hands
& feet & feet

Axial Skeleton
(80)

Skull Skull

Ossicles of the Ossicles of the
middle earmiddle ear

Hyoid bone Hyoid bone

Thorax or chest Thorax or chest

Vertebral columnVertebral column

Appendicular
Skeleton (126)
Upper Extremity (64)Upper Extremity (64)

Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle

ArmsArms

HandsHands
Lower Extremity (62)Lower Extremity (62)

Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle

LegsLegs

Feet Feet

Types of Bone

Long bonesLong bones: : longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends
(e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle & (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle &
patella)patella)

Short bonesShort bones: : roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist
bones)bones)

Sesamoid bonesSesamoid bones: : short bones within tendons (e.g.: short bones within tendons (e.g.:
patella)patella)

Flat bonesFlat bones: : thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum,
scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)

Irregular bonesIrregular bones: : odd shapes; don't fit into other odd shapes; don't fit into other
classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)

Types of Vertebrae

Cevical (7)Cevical (7)

AtlasAtlas

Axis Axis

Thoracic (12)Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5)Lumbar (5)

• Atlas – 1
st
; supports head
• Axis – 2
nd
; dens pivots to turn head
Cervical Vertebrae


long
spinous
processes
• rib facets
Thoracic Vertebrae

• large bodies
• thick, short
spinous
processes
Lumbar Vertebrae

Joints

Ball & SocketBall & Socket

Pivot Pivot

Saddle Saddle

HingeHinge

Elipsoid Elipsoid
(Condyloid)(Condyloid)

Plane or Gliding - Plane or Gliding -
vertebraevertebrae

Bones – Cellular & Physiology

Cross section
structures

Cellular
composition

Bone marrow

Cartilage

Fractures

Bone Cells

OsteoblastsOsteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete
unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high
metabolism within the bone metabolism within the bone

OsteocytesOsteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have
made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy
bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone
mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the
bone tissue to the blood. bone tissue to the blood.

Osteogenic cellsOsteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving
rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells

OsteoclastsOsteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down
bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling

Bone lining cellsBone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of - made from osteoblasts along the surface of
most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate
the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bonethe movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone

Long Bone
Structure

Compact BoneCompact Bone

Outer LayerOuter Layer

Haversian Haversian
SystemSystem

Spongy BoneSpongy Bone

Ends of long Ends of long
bonesbones

Cartilage Cartilage

Red and Yellow
Bone Marrow

The formation of blood cells, (The formation of blood cells, (hematopoiesishematopoiesis), ),
takes place mainly in the red marrow of the takes place mainly in the red marrow of the
bones. bones.

In infantsIn infants, , red marrowred marrow is found in the bone is found in the bone
cavities. With age, it is largely replaced by cavities. With age, it is largely replaced by
yellow marrowyellow marrow for fat storage. for fat storage.

In adultsIn adults, , red marrowred marrow is limited to the spongy is limited to the spongy
bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles,
vertebrae and pelvis. Red marrow functions in vertebrae and pelvis. Red marrow functions in
the formation of red blood cells, white blood the formation of red blood cells, white blood
cells and blood platelets.cells and blood platelets.

Cartilage – Characteristics

Mostly water; no blood vessels Mostly water; no blood vessels
or nervesor nerves

Tough, resilientTough, resilient

New cartilage forms from New cartilage forms from
chondroblastschondroblasts

Heal poorlyHeal poorly

Types of Skeletal Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilages: fine collagen fiber matrix-
most abundant type- found in articular (movable
joint) cartilages, costal cartilages (connect ribs
tosternum), respiratory cartilages (in larynx &
upper respiratory passageways) & nasal cartilages

Elastic Cartilages: similar to hyaline cartilage,
more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in
external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering)

Fibrocartilage: rows of chondrocytes with thick
collagen fibers; highly compressible with great
tensile strength- found in menisci of knee,
intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis

Fractures of the Bone
Know fractures based on diagrams or by x-ray recognitionKnow fractures based on diagrams or by x-ray recognition

Bone Repair Sequence

Injury – broken blood vessels, hematomaInjury – broken blood vessels, hematoma

Invasion of blood vessels & generalized cells Invasion of blood vessels & generalized cells
(2-3 days)(2-3 days)

Fibroblasts develop (1 week)Fibroblasts develop (1 week)

Chondroblasts develop Chondroblasts develop

Callus forms (4 weeks)Callus forms (4 weeks)

Remodeling with osteoclasts (8 weeks)Remodeling with osteoclasts (8 weeks)

Disease/Injury Levels

OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Fractures (via pictures and x-rays)Fractures (via pictures and x-rays)

Disc herniationDisc herniation

ScoliosisScoliosis

ACL and MCL injuriesACL and MCL injuries

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle Function:

Stabilizing joints

Maintaining posture

Producing movement

Moving substances within the body

Stabilizing body position and regulating
organ volume

Producing heat– muscle contraction
generates 85% of the body’s heat

Characteristics of Muscle
Tissue
 Excitability- receive and respond to
stimuli
 Contractility- ability to shorten and
thicken
 Extensibility- ability to stretch
 Elasticity- ability to return to its
original shape after contraction or
extension

Types of Muscle

Skeletal
Muscle
Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Location
Attached to
bone
On hollow organs,
glands and blood
vessels
Heart
Function
Move the
whole body
Compression of tubes
& ducts
Heart
contraction to
propel blood
Nucleus
Multiple,
peripheral
Single, central Central & single
Control voluntary involuntary involuntary
Striations yes no yes
Cell Shape Cylindrical Spindle-shaped Branched

Types of Muscle

Skeletal Muscles

Nearly 650 muscles are attached to the skeleton. See
muscle list for competitions.

Skeletal muscles- work in pairs: one muscle moves
the bone in one direction and the other moves it back
again.

Most muscles- extend from one bone across a joint to
another bone with one bone being more stationary
than another in a given movement.

Muscle movement- bends the skeleton at moveable
joints.

Tendons - made of dense fibrous connective tissue
shaped like heavy cords anchor muscles firmly to
bone.

Tendon injury- though very strong and secure to
muscle, may be injured.

Skeletal Muscles
origin - Attachment to the more stationary bone by
tendon closest to the body or muscle head or
proximal
insertion - attachment to the more moveable bone
by tendon at the distal end
During movement, the origin remains stationary and
the insertion moves.
The force producing the bending is always a pull of
contraction. Reversing the direction is produced by
the contraction of a different set of muscles.
As one group of muscles contracts, the other group
stretches and then they reverse actions.

Front

Back

Skeletal
Muscle
Anatomy

Each muscle- has thousands of muscle fibers in a
bundle running from origin to insertion bound
together by connective tissue through which run
blood vessels and nerves.

Each muscle fiber - contains many nuclei, an
extensive endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic
reticulum, many thick and thin myofibrils running
lengthwise the entire length of the fiber, and
many mitochondria for energy

Sacromere
sacromere -The basic functional unit of
the muscle fiber consists of the array of
thick and thin filaments between two Z
disks.
thick filaments - with myosin (protein)
molecules
thin filaments - with actin (protein)
molecules plus smaller amounts of
troponin and tropomysin.
striations -of dark A bands and light I
bands.
A bands- are bisected by the H zone
with the M line or band running
through the center of this H zone.
I bands- are bisected by the Z disk or
line.

Sliding-Filament Model

Thick filaments, - myosin molecules contain a
globular subunit, the myosin head, which has
binding sites for the actin molecules of the
thin filaments and ATP.

Activating the muscle fiber causes the myosin
heads to bind to actin molecules pulling the
short filament a short distance past the thick
filaments.

Linkages break and reform (using ATP energy)
further along the thick filaments.

Ratchet-like action pulls the thin filaments
past the thick filaments in a.

Individual filaments - No shortening,
thickening or folding occurs.

Muscle Contraction

As the muscle contracts - the
width of the I bands and H
zones decrease causing the Z
disks to come closer
together, but there is no
change in the width of the A
band because the thick
filaments do not move.

As the muscle relaxes or
stretches - the width of the I
bands separate as the thin
filaments move apart but
the thick filaments still do
not move.

Muscle and Tendon
Injuries
Strains – injuries from overexertion or trauma
which involve stretching or tearing of muscle
fibers. They often are accompanied by pain and
inflammation of the muscle and tendon.
Sprain - the injury near a joint and involves a
ligament
Cramps – painful muscle spasms or involuntary
twitches.
Stress-induced muscle tension – may cause
back pain and headaches.

Muscular Disorders

Poliomyelitis – viral infection of the nerves that control
skeletal muscle movement.

Muscular Dystrophies – most common caused by mutation
of gene for the protein dystrophin which helps in attaching
and organizing the filaments in the sacromere. Duchenne
Muscular Dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy are
the two most common types. The gene for dystrophin is
on the X chromosome so the disorder is sex-linked.

Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune disease affecting the
neuromuscular junction. affecting the ability of the
impulse to cause the muscle contraction. Administering an
inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase can temporarily restore
contractibility.

Exercise on Skeletal and
Muscular System
Skeletal System

Exercise slows decline in minerals and maintains joint mobility

Stress of exercise helps the bone tissues to become stronger

Hyaline cartilage at the ends of the bones becomes thicker and
can absorb shock better

Ligaments will stretch slightly to enable greater joint flexibility
Muscular System

Exercise helps muscles become more effective and efficient.

Tendons will become thicker and stronger

High intensity exercise for short duration produces strength,
size and power gains in muscles

Low intensity exercise for long durations will give endurance
benefits

Trained muscles have better tone or state of readiness to
respond

Exercise promotes good posture enabling muscles to work
effectively and helps prevent injury

Endocrine
System
Major Endocrine
Organs

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Thymus
Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Ovaries

Testes

Hormones Hormones

specific chemical compound

produced by a specific tissue of the
body

released in the body fluids

carried to a distant target tissue

affects a pre-existing mechanism

effective is small amounts.

Classes of Hormones:
peptides – short chains of amino acids
(most hormones) pituitary, parathyroid,
heart, stomach, liver & kidneys
amines - derived from tyrosine and
secreted by thyroid and adrenal cortex
steroids - lipids derived from cholesterol
secreted by the gonads, adrenal cortex,
and placenta

peptide and
amines

Protein hormones (1
st
messengers) - bind to receptor
on target cell triggering 2
nd
messenger to affect cell’s
activity

hormone (1st messenger) does not enter the cell but
binds to receptor on the plasma membrane receptors

hormone-receptor complex activates G protein

generates chemical signal (2nd messenger) – most
common is cAMP and IP3

2nd messenger chemical signal activates other
intracellular chemicals to produce response in target
cell

Steroid
Hormones

Steroid hormones - bind to receptors within target cell and
influence cell activity by acting on specific genes

hormone diffuses freely into cell where cytoplasmic and/ or nuclear
proteins serve as receptors

hormone binds to receptor (hormone-receptor complex)

complex bonds to steroid response element (sections of DNA
receptive to the hormone-receptor complex

hormone-receptor complex acts as transcription factor to turn
target genes “on” or “off”

Diseases of the Endocrine
System

DiabetesDiabetes – increased levels of – increased levels of
glucose in blood glucose in blood

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia - low blood sugar - low blood sugar

Graves DiseaseGraves Disease – overactive – overactive
thyroid thyroid

GoiterGoiter – enlarged thyroid gland – enlarged thyroid gland
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