anatomy and physiology in detail presentation

detail

1. 2010 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (C)2010 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (C)
Karen LancourKaren Lancour Patty PalmiettoPatty Palmietto
National Bio Rules National Bio Rules National Event National Event
Committee Chairman Committee Chairman Supervisor – A & P Supervisor – A & P
[email protected] 2-2-2010

2. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Event ContentEvent Content: : 20102010

BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYBASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Skeletal systemSkeletal system

Muscular systemMuscular system

Endocrine system Endocrine system

Major disorders Major disorders

Treatment and prevention of disordersTreatment and prevention of disorders

PROCESS SKILLS - PROCESS SKILLS - observations, inferences, observations, inferences,
predictions, calculations, data analysis, and predictions, calculations, data analysis, and
conclusions.conclusions.

3. Event Rules – 2010

BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2010
EVENT RULES FOR EVENT
PARAMETERS AND TOPICS
FOR EACH COMPETITION
LEVEL

4. TRAINING MATERIALS

Training Handout Training Handout – – content content

Event Supervisor Guide Event Supervisor Guide – – sample sample
stations, process skills, methodsstations, process skills, methods

Internet Resource Internet Resource – – links to on-line links to on-line
courses, lab manuals, notes, sitescourses, lab manuals, notes, sites

Sample Tournament Sample Tournament – – sample sample
stations with key stations with key

5. INTERACTION OF SKELETAL
AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS:

Skeletal and Muscular systems -
works together to allow
movement

Ligaments - attach bone to bone

Tendons- attach Muscle to bone
via

Skeletal muscles - produce
movement by bending the
skeleton at movable joints.
Muscles work in antagonistic
pairs.

Skeleton - provides structure of
body and

Muscles - allow skeleton
mobility – pull by contraction of
muscle.

6. Skeletal System - Functions

Support & shape to bodySupport & shape to body

Protection of internal organsProtection of internal organs

Movement in union with Movement in union with
musclesmuscles

Storage of minerals (calcium, Storage of minerals (calcium,
phosphorus) & lipidsphosphorus) & lipids

Blood cell productionBlood cell production

7. The Skeletal System
Know the Skeletal AnatomyKnow the Skeletal Anatomy

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton

Surface Anatomy of the boneSurface Anatomy of the bone

By x-ray or diagramBy x-ray or diagram

Structure/function of joints, muscle and Structure/function of joints, muscle and
ligament attachmentsligament attachments

Including range of motionIncluding range of motion

8. Human
Skeleton

206 Bones206 Bones

Axial skeletonAxial skeleton: (80 : (80
bones) in skull, bones) in skull,
vertebrae, ribs, vertebrae, ribs,
sternum, hyoid bone sternum, hyoid bone

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton: :
(126 bones)- upper & (126 bones)- upper &
lower extremities plus lower extremities plus
two girdles two girdles

Half of bones in hands Half of bones in hands
& feet & feet

9. Axial Skeleton
(80)

Skull Skull

Ossicles of the Ossicles of the
middle earmiddle ear

Hyoid bone Hyoid bone

Thorax or chest Thorax or chest

Vertebral columnVertebral column

10. Appendicular
Skeleton (126)
Upper Extremity (64)Upper Extremity (64)

Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle

ArmsArms

HandsHands
Lower Extremity (62)Lower Extremity (62)

Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle

LegsLegs

Feet Feet

11. Types of Bone

Long bonesLong bones: : longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends
(e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle & (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle &
patella)patella)

Short bonesShort bones: : roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist
bones)bones)

Sesamoid bonesSesamoid bones: : short bones within tendons (e.g.: short bones within tendons (e.g.:
patella)patella)

Flat bonesFlat bones: : thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum,
scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)

Irregular bonesIrregular bones: : odd shapes; don't fit into other odd shapes; don't fit into other
classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)

12. Types of Vertebrae

Cevical (7)Cevical (7)

AtlasAtlas

Axis Axis

Thoracic (12)Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5)Lumbar (5)

13. • Atlas – 1
st
; supports head
• Axis – 2
nd
; dens pivots to turn head
Cervical Vertebrae

14. •
long
spinous
processes
• rib facets
Thoracic Vertebrae

15. • large bodies
• thick, short
spinous
processes
Lumbar Vertebrae

16. Joints

Ball & SocketBall & Socket

Pivot Pivot

Saddle Saddle

HingeHinge

Elipsoid Elipsoid
(Condyloid)(Condyloid)

Plane or Gliding - Plane or Gliding -
vertebraevertebrae

17. Bones – Cellular & Physiology

Cross section
structures

Cellular
composition

Bone marrow

Cartilage

Fractures

18. Bone Cells

OsteoblastsOsteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete
unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high
metabolism within the bone metabolism within the bone

OsteocytesOsteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have
made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy
bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone
mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the
bone tissue to the blood. bone tissue to the blood.

Osteogenic cellsOsteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving
rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells

OsteoclastsOsteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down
bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling

Bone lining cellsBone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of - made from osteoblasts along the surface of
most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate
the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bonethe movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone

19. Long Bone
Structure

Compact BoneCompact Bone

Outer LayerOuter Layer

Haversian Haversian
SystemSystem

Spongy BoneSpongy Bone

Ends of long Ends of long
bonesbones

Cartilage Cartilage

20. Red and Yellow
Bone Marrow

The formation of blood cells, (The formation of blood cells, (hematopoiesishematopoiesis), ),
takes place mainly in the red marrow of the takes place mainly in the red marrow of the
bones. bones.

In infantsIn infants, , red marrowred marrow is found in the bone is found in the bone
cavities. With age, it is largely replaced by cavities. With age, it is largely replaced by
yellow marrowyellow marrow for fat storage. for fat storage.

In adultsIn adults, , red marrowred marrow is limited to the spongy is limited to the spongy
bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles,
vertebrae and pelvis. Red marrow functions in vertebrae and pelvis. Red marrow functions in
the formation of red blood cells, white blood the formation of red blood cells, white blood
cells and blood platelets.cells and blood platelets.

21. Cartilage – Characteristics

Mostly water; no blood vessels Mostly water; no blood vessels
or nervesor nerves

Tough, resilientTough, resilient

New cartilage forms from New cartilage forms from
chondroblastschondroblasts

Heal poorlyHeal poorly

22. Types of Skeletal Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilages: fine collagen fiber matrix-
most abundant type- found in articular (movable
joint) cartilages, costal cartilages (connect ribs
tosternum), respiratory cartilages (in larynx &
upper respiratory passageways) & nasal cartilages

Elastic Cartilages: similar to hyaline cartilage,
more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in
external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering)

Fibrocartilage: rows of chondrocytes with thick
collagen fibers; highly compressible with great
tensile strength- found in menisci of knee,
intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis

23. Fractures of the Bone
Know fractures based on diagrams or by x-ray recognitionKnow fractures based on diagrams or by x-ray recognition

24. Bone Repair Sequence

Injury – broken blood vessels, hematomaInjury – broken blood vessels, hematoma

Invasion of blood vessels & generalized cells Invasion of blood vessels & generalized cells
(2-3 days)(2-3 days)

Fibroblasts develop (1 week)Fibroblasts develop (1 week)

Chondroblasts develop Chondroblasts develop

Callus forms (4 weeks)Callus forms (4 weeks)

Remodeling with osteoclasts (8 weeks)Remodeling with osteoclasts (8 weeks)

25. Disease/Injury Levels

OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Fractures (via pictures and x-rays)Fractures (via pictures and x-rays)

Disc herniationDisc herniation

ScoliosisScoliosis

ACL and MCL injuriesACL and MCL injuries

26. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle Function:

Stabilizing joints

Maintaining posture

Producing movement

Moving substances within the body

Stabilizing body position and regulating
organ volume

Producing heat– muscle contraction
generates 85% of the body’s heat

27. Characteristics of Muscle
Tissue
 Excitability- receive and respond to
stimuli
 Contractility- ability to shorten and
thicken
 Extensibility- ability to stretch
 Elasticity- ability to return to its
original shape after contraction or
extension

28. Types of Muscle

Skeletal
Muscle
Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Location
Attached to
bone
On hollow organs,
glands and blood
vessels
Heart
Function
Move the
whole body
Compression of tubes
& ducts
Heart
contraction to
propel blood
Nucleus
Multiple,
peripheral
Single, central Central & single
Control voluntary involuntary involuntary
Striations yes no yes
Cell Shape Cylindrical Spindle-shaped Branched

29. Types of Muscle

30. Skeletal Muscles

Nearly 650 muscles are attached to the skeleton. See
muscle list for competitions.

Skeletal muscles- work in pairs: one muscle moves
the bone in one direction and the other moves it back
again.

Most muscles- extend from one bone across a joint to
another bone with one bone being more stationary
than another in a given movement.

Muscle movement- bends the skeleton at moveable
joints.

Tendons - made of dense fibrous connective tissue
shaped like heavy cords anchor muscles firmly to
bone.

Tendon injury- though very strong and secure to
muscle, may be injured.

31. Skeletal Muscles
origin - Attachment to the more stationary bone by
tendon closest to the body or muscle head or
proximal
insertion - attachment to the more moveable bone
by tendon at the distal end
During movement, the origin remains stationary and
the insertion moves.
The force producing the bending is always a pull of
contraction. Reversing the direction is produced by
the contraction of a different set of muscles.
As one group of muscles contracts, the other group
stretches and then they reverse actions.

32. Front

33. Back

34. Skeletal
Muscle
Anatomy

Each muscle- has thousands of muscle fibers in a
bundle running from origin to insertion bound
together by connective tissue through which run
blood vessels and nerves.

Each muscle fiber - contains many nuclei, an
extensive endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic
reticulum, many thick and thin myofibrils running
lengthwise the entire length of the fiber, and
many mitochondria for energy

35. Sacromere
sacromere -The basic functional unit of
the muscle fiber consists of the array of
thick and thin filaments between two Z
disks.
thick filaments - with myosin (protein)
molecules
thin filaments - with actin (protein)
molecules plus smaller amounts of
troponin and tropomysin.
striations -of dark A bands and light I
bands.
A bands- are bisected by the H zone
with the M line or band running
through the center of this H zone.
I bands- are bisected by the Z disk or
line.

36. Sliding-Filament Model

Thick filaments, - myosin molecules contain a
globular subunit, the myosin head, which has
binding sites for the actin molecules of the
thin filaments and ATP.

Activating the muscle fiber causes the myosin
heads to bind to actin molecules pulling the
short filament a short distance past the thick
filaments.

Linkages break and reform (using ATP energy)
further along the thick filaments.

Ratchet-like action pulls the thin filaments
past the thick filaments in a.

Individual filaments - No shortening,
thickening or folding occurs.

37. Muscle Contraction

As the muscle contracts - the
width of the I bands and H
zones decrease causing the Z
disks to come closer
together, but there is no
change in the width of the A
band because the thick
filaments do not move.

As the muscle relaxes or
stretches - the width of the I
bands separate as the thin
filaments move apart but
the thick filaments still do
not move.

38. Muscle and Tendon
Injuries
Strains – injuries from overexertion or trauma
which involve stretching or tearing of muscle
fibers. They often are accompanied by pain and
inflammation of the muscle and tendon.
Sprain - the injury near a joint and involves a
ligament
Cramps – painful muscle spasms or involuntary
twitches.
Stress-induced muscle tension – may cause
back pain and headaches.

39. Muscular Disorders

Poliomyelitis – viral infection of the nerves that control
skeletal muscle movement.

Muscular Dystrophies – most common caused by mutation
of gene for the protein dystrophin which helps in attaching
and organizing the filaments in the sacromere. Duchenne
Muscular Dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy are
the two most common types. The gene for dystrophin is
on the X chromosome so the disorder is sex-linked.

Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune disease affecting the
neuromuscular junction. affecting the ability of the
impulse to cause the muscle contraction. Administering an
inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase can temporarily restore
contractibility.

40. Exercise on Skeletal and
Muscular System
Skeletal System

Exercise slows decline in minerals and maintains joint mobility

Stress of exercise helps the bone tissues to become stronger

Hyaline cartilage at the ends of the bones becomes thicker and
can absorb shock better

Ligaments will stretch slightly to enable greater joint flexibility
Muscular System

Exercise helps muscles become more effective and efficient.

Tendons will become thicker and stronger

High intensity exercise for short duration produces strength,
size and power gains in muscles

Low intensity exercise for long durations will give endurance
benefits

Trained muscles have better tone or state of readiness to
respond

Exercise promotes good posture enabling muscles to work
effectively and helps prevent injury

41. Endocrine
System
Major Endocrine
Organs

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Thymus
Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Ovaries

Testes

42. Hormones Hormones

specific chemical compound

produced by a specific tissue of the
body

released in the body fluids

carried to a distant target tissue

affects a pre-existing mechanism

effective is small amounts.

43. Classes of Hormones:
peptides – short chains of amino acids
(most hormones) pituitary, parathyroid,
heart, stomach, liver & kidneys
amines - derived from tyrosine and
secreted by thyroid and adrenal cortex
steroids - lipids derived from cholesterol
secreted by the gonads, adrenal cortex,
and placenta

44. peptide and
amines

Protein hormones (1
st
messengers) - bind to receptor
on target cell triggering 2
nd
messenger to affect cell’s
activity

hormone (1st messenger) does not enter the cell but
binds to receptor on the plasma membrane receptors

hormone-receptor complex activates G protein

generates chemical signal (2nd messenger) – most
common is cAMP and IP3

2nd messenger chemical signal activates other
intracellular chemicals to produce response in target
cell

45. Steroid
Hormones

Steroid hormones - bind to receptors within target cell and
influence cell activity by acting on specific genes

hormone diffuses freely into cell where cytoplasmic and/ or nuclear
proteins serve as receptors

hormone binds to receptor (hormone-receptor complex)

complex bonds to steroid response element (sections of DNA
receptive to the hormone-receptor complex

hormone-receptor complex acts as transcription factor to turn
target genes “on” or “off”

46. Diseases of the Endocrine
System

DiabetesDiabetes – increased levels of – increased levels of
glucose in blood glucose in blood

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia - low blood sugar - low blood sugar

Graves DiseaseGraves Disease – overactive – overactive
thyroid thyroid

GoiterGoiter – enlarged thyroid gland – enlarged thyroid gland