Anatomy of flowering plants

BIOLOGY

1. SHAHINA AKTHER GRADE 11 GULF ASIAN ENGLISH SCHOOL

2. ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

3. Anatomy Study of internal organisation of living organisms Histology Study of tissues & tissue system in multicellular organisms

4. 1. TISSUE Group of cells, having common origin Tissues Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissues Simple Permanent Tissues 1) Parenchyma 2) Collenchyma 3) Sclerenchyma Complex Permanent Tissues Xylem Phloem

5. 2. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES Cells have power of division A. Characteristics of Meristematic Tissues Cells are thin walled Have abundant cytoplasm Retain power of division No intracellular spaces

6. B. Classification of meristems : Based on position in plant body ( i ) Apical meristems Occur at apices Differentiate into primary tissues Cause increase in length Axillary buds are present in axils of leaves

7. (ii) Lateral meristems : Arranged parallel to the sides of organs of plant Cells produced by them differentiate into secondary tissues Cause increase in width of plant organ e.g., Fascicular cambium & cork cambium

8. (iii) Intercalary meristems : Meristems occur in between mature/ permanenet tissues Produce cells that form primary tissues Cause increase in length Occur at bases of internodes & leaf sheaths of grasses & other monocots; They regenerate parts removed by grazing animals

9. Based on origin ( i ) Promeristems : Group of meristematic cells in embryo / seedlings Give rise to primary meristems

10. (ii) Primary meristems : Formed from promeristems Cells produced by them differentiate into primary / secondary permanent tissues e.g., Apical meristems , fascicular cambium & intercalary meristem

11. (iii) Secondary meristems : Formed at a later stage in the life of plant from permanent tissues by process of dedifferentiation, e.g., Cork cambium & inter-fascicular cambium

12. 3. PERMANENT TISSUES Cells have lost power of division & become structurally & functionally specialised Characteristics : Cells have lost power of division Undergone differentiation into specific types for a particular function 2 types: Simple permanent tissues ( Tissue composed of 1 type of cell) Complex permanent tissues ( Tissue is composed of more than 1 type of cell)

13. B. Simple Permanent Tissues : Parenchyma Cells are thin- walled Isodiametric Retain capacity to divide at maturity No intracellular spaces Main function is storage When parenchyma cells contain a number of chloroplasts they are called chlorenchyma & when they are arranged with regular system of intercellular air spaces, they constitute aerenchyma Forms major component of any organ of plant

14. (ii) Collenchyma Cells living at maturity Cells are variously shaped Cell wall is unevenly thickened Occurs below epidermis of dicot stem Cells may possess chloroplast Provides strength & flexibility to growing organs

15. (iii) Sclerenchyma Cells are dead at maturity Cell wall is lignified evenly Gives mechanical support to organs Has 2 types of cells : SCLEREIDS (STONE CELLS) : Oval/spherical & have very thick walls with narrow lumen Occur in shells of nuts & in pulp of fruits & in tea leaves FIBRES : Elongated & thick walled cells Generally occur in groups Present in xylem , phloem & cortex & pericycle

16. C. Complex Permanent Tissues : XYLEM : Forms continuous channel Concerned with transport of water & minerals Provides mechanical support Composed of tracheary elements, xylem parenchyma & xylem fibres XYLEM VESSELS : Long cylindrical tubular structures formed by many cells End walls of vessel members have either single large opening / perforation / several small openings Have thick lignified walls Vessles are dead at maturity & found in angiosperms only

17. (b) XYLEM TRACHEIDS : Elongated cells Overlap one another at their slanting ends Do not have perforation plates Have thick lignified walls Dead at maturity (c) XYLEM PARENCHYMA ; Thick/ thin walls of cellulose Only living components of xylem Involved in short distance transport Help in storage of sugars, starch, lipids & tannins

18. (d) XYLEM FIBRES ( SCLERENCHYMA) Dead elements Provide mechanical support Xylem formed in primary plant body by procambium is called primary xylem 1 st formed primary xylem is called protoxylem Later formed is called metaxylem In stems, protoxylem lies towards pith & metaxylem towards periphery ; such an arrangement is called endarch In roots, protoxylem lies towards periphery & metaxylem towards pith ; such an arrangement is called exarch Xylem constituents formed by fascicular cambium constitue secondary xylem

19. (ii) PHLOEM Concerned with transport of organic substances Composed of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma & phloem fibres

20. (a) SIEVE TUBES: Formed by elongated sieve tube members Cross walls have number of perforations Mature sieve tube has peripheral cytoplasm Functions are controlled by nucleus of companion cells Members are characteristically present in angiosperms

21. (a) SIEVE CELLS : Sieve areas are found to occur throughout the end walls & lateral walls Cells are living, but lack nucleus Found in lower vascular plants

22. (c) COMPANION CELLS: Found in association with sieve tube members Sieve tube elements & companion cells are connected by pit fields Help in maintaining the pressure gradient

23. (d) PHLOEM PARENCHYMA : Cells are elongated & cylindrical Have dense cytoplasm & prominent nucleus Stores food materials & other substances Absent in monocot plants

24. (e) PHLOEM FIBRES (BAST FIBRES) : Found along with other elements of phloem Elongated & thick walled cells Dead at maturity Absent in primary phloem 1 st formed primary phloem is known as protophloem Later formed is known as metaphloem Elements formed by fascicular cambium constitute secondary phloem

25. TISSUE SYSTEM IN PLANTS 3 tissue sysytems : ( i ) Epidermal tissue system (ii) Vascular tissue system (iii) Ground/ fundamental tissue system

26. ( i ) EPIDERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM Forms outermost covering of plant body Consists of epidermal cells, epidermal appendages & stomata Epidermis is outermost layer Epidermis is single-layered Each cell has small amount of cytoplasm & large vacuole Outer surface is covered with thick layer Cuticle prevents loss of water from aerial part of plants Epidermis is interrupted by small pores called stomata Stoma is surrounded by 2 guard cells

27. Guard cells are bean-shaped in dicot plants & dumb bell in monocots Outer wall is thin & inner wall is thick They possess chloroplasts & carry out photosynthesis Epidermal cells in their vicinity become specialised in their size & shape Stomatal apparatus – stomatal aperture, guard cells & surrounding epidermal cells Epidermis also bears appendages Root hairs are unicellular elongation of epidermal cells of the root Appendages on stem epidermis are called trichomes Help in preventing water loss by transpiration Glandular/ secretory in many plants

28. (ii)VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM Includes xylem & phloem They occur as discrete strands called vascular bundles Occur along same radius, vascular bundle is called collateral When strip of cambium is present b/w xylem & phloem – open vascular bundle No cambium in vascular bundle – closed vascular bundle

29. 2 phloem poles occur in a vascular bundle , separated from central xylem – bicollateral vascular bundle Xylem & phloem occur along different radii, alternating with each other – radial bundle When protoxylem is towards periphery & metaxylem is towards centre – exarch When protoxylem is towards centre & metaxylem is towards periphery - endarch

30. (iii) GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM Ground tissue – all tissues except epidermis & vascular bundles Consists of simple permanent tissues Parenchyma cells present in cortex, pericycle ; pith & medullary rays Ground tissue in leaves - mesophyll

31. My special thanx goes to my biology teacher M rs Alermelu Natchair who gave and confirmed this permission and encouraged me to go ahead .