Anatomy_of_the_Cardiovascular_System.ppt

cardiovascular system

1. Anatomy of the
Cardiovascular System
TENTATIVE Dates:
Tuesday April 19
th
–Chapter 18 Quiz
Wednesday April 20
th
–Heart Anatomy Practical
Friday May 6
th
–Project Due
Block Days (May 11
th
or 12
th
) –Chapter 18/19
Test

2. Cardiovascular System
•Also circulatory system
•Consists of: the heart, arteries, veins,
capillaries

3. Heart
•Four chamber muscular organ
•Comparable to the size of a closed fist
•Located in the mediastinum
–Behind sternum
–Between 2
nd
and 6
th
ribs
–Between T5-T8
•Apex –base of heart
–Located at the 5
th
intercostal space

4. Heart

5. Coverings of the Heart
•Pericardium –loose fitting sac
surrounding the heart
–Fibrous pericardium –tough, loose-fitting,
inelastic
–Serous pericardium
•Parietal layer: lines the inside of the fibrous
pericardium
•Visceral layer: adheres to outside of the heart
–Pericardial space: between parietal and
visceral layer
•Filled with 10-15mL of pericardial fluid
•Decreases friction

6. Walls of the Heart
•Epicardium –outer layer
–Epicardium = serous pericardium
•Myocardium –thick, contractile layer composed
of cardiac muscle cells
–Intercalated disks contain many gap junctions
–Allow cardiac muscle cells to function as a single unit
syncytium
•Endocaridium –interior of cardiac wall
–Endothelial tissue
–Covers projections of myocardial tissue called
trabeculae

7. Walls of the
Heart

8. Chambers of the Heart
•Atria –two superior chambers
–“Receiving chambers”
–Blood from veins enters atria
•Ventricles –two inferior chambers
–“pumping chambers”
–Thick muscular walls to increase force of
pumping action
•Left > right
–Separated by interventricular septum

9. Valves of the Heart
•Permit blood flow in one direction during
circulation
•Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
–Also cuspid valves
–Between atria and ventricles
•Semilunar (SL valves)
–Between R ventricle and pulmonary arteries
and L ventricle and aorta

10. Atrioventricular Valves
•Tricuspid valve
–Btwn R atrium and ventricle
–3 flaps of endocardium
–Connected to ventricular papillary muscle
via chordae tendinae
•Bicuspid valve
–Btwn L atrium and ventricle
–Also called mitral valve
–Two flaps of endocardium

11. Semilunar Valves
•Pulmonary semilunar valve
–Btwn R ventricle and pulmonary trunk
•Aorta semilunar valve
–Btwn L ventricle and aorta

12. Chambers & Valves
Trace the blood flow through the heart

13. Blood Supply to the Heart
•Right and left coronary arteries
–First branches off aorta
–Right coronary artery right marginal
artery & posterior interventricular artery
–Left coronary artery circumflex artery
& anterior interventricular artery
–Most of the blood goes to the L ventricle
–In 50% of the population, the R coronary
artery is dominant

14. Blood Supply to the Heart
•Anastomosis: Connections between blood
vessels that allow for collateral circulation
•Few exist between large branches of coronary
arteries
•In presence of an obstruction in a large
artery ischemia will result to a large area of
tissue
–Myocardial infarction (MI) (aka heart attack)
•Anastomoses do exists between smaller
branches of the R and L coronary arteries

15. Blood Supply to the Heart
•After traveling through the capillaries
of the heart, blood empties into the R
atrium via the coronary sinus

16. Conduction System of the Heart
•Four structures composed of modified
cardiac muscle
•Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
–Pacemaker of the heart
–100s of cells in the R atrium near the
opening of the superior vena cava
•Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
–Small mass of cardiac muscle tissue
–Left lower border of R atrium

17. Conduction System of the Heart
•Atrioventricular Bundle
–Also Bundle of His
–Bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers
originating in the AV node
–Branches into R and L branches eventually
becoming Purkinje fibers
–Extend into the walls of the ventricles and
papillary muscles

18. Warm Up 4/12/11
1.The apex of the heart rests on the:
2.True/False: The epicardium and the fibrous
pericardium are the same structure.
3.What is the correct order of the layers of
the heart from outside to inside?
4.The ____________ connect the cuspid
valves to the papillary muscles.
5.What is an anastomosis?
6.What is also known as the pacemaker of the
heart?

19. Types of Blood Vessels
•Artery –carries oxygenated blood away
from the heart
–“distributors”
–Arteriole: small artery
–Precapillary sphincters: regulate the blood
flow into capillaries

20. Types of Blood Vessels
•Vein –carries unoxygenated blood
towards the heart
–Great ability to stretch (capacitance)
–Function as reservoirs: blood pools in the
valves then is pushed forward from the
pumping pressure
–Venules: small vein

21. Types of Blood Vessels

22. Types of Blood Vessels
•Capillaries –arterial system switches to
venous system
–“primary exchange vessels”
–Transport materials to and from the cells
–Speed of blood flow decreases to increase
contact time
–Microcirculation: blood flow between
arterioles, capillaries and venules

23. Types of Blood Vessels

24. Structure of Blood Vessels
•Tunica adventitia -outermost layer
–Fibrous connective tissue
–Holds vessels open; prevents tearing of
vessels walls during body movements
–Larger in veins than arteries
•Tunica media –middle layer
–Smooth muscle and elastic CT
–Helps vessels constrict and dilate
–Larger in arteries

25. Structure of Blood Vessels
•Tunica intima –innermost layer
–Composed of endothelium
–Semilunar valves present in veins
–One cell thick in capillaries

26. Circulatory Routes
•Systemic Circulation –blood flow from
the L ventricle to the body & back to
the R atrium
•Pulmonary Circulation –blood flow from
the R ventricle to the lungs and back to
the L atrium

27. Circulatory Routes

28. Aorta

29. Systemic Arteries
•Arch of aorta
•Subclavian (L and R)
•Brachiocephalic
•common carotid (L
and R)
•Axillary (L and R)
•Brachial (L and R)
•Radial
•Ulnar
•Abdominal aorta
•Common iliac
•External iliac
•Femoral
•Popliteal
•Posterior tibial
•Anterior tibial
•Dorsal pedis

31. Systemic Veins
•Superior vena cava
•Inferior vena cava
•External jugular
•Internal jugular
•Brachiocephalic (L
and R)
•Subclavian (L and R)
•Cephalic
•axillary
•Basilic
•Median basilic
•Median cubital
•Common iliac
•External iliac
•Femoral
•Popliteal
•Great saphenous
•Small saphenous

33. Fetal Circulation
•Two umbilical arteries carry blood to the
placenta
•The placenta allows for exchange of oxygen
and nutrients from the mother. Maternal and
fetal blood do NOT mix.
•Umbilical vein returns oxygenated blood and
enters fetus via the umbilicus
•Foramen ovale –hole btwn the R and L atria
–Allows for blood to bypass the R ventricle and
pulmonary circulation

34. Fetal Circulation
•Ductus arteriosus –small vessel
connecting the pulmonary artery and
the aorta
–Allows for another bypass route from the
lungs
**Most of fetal blood is a mixture of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood**

35. Fetal
Circulation

36. Changes After Birth
•Umbilical vein become round ligament
•Umbilical arteries become umbilical
ligaments
•Foramen ovale closes after first few
breaths
–Full closure may take up to 9 months
•Ductus arteriosus contracts as soon as
respirations begin
–Become fibrous cord

37. Changes After Birth

38. Warm Up 4/13-14/11
1.What is the function of the precapillary
sphincters?
2.List the layers of arteries and veins from
superficial to deep. How do the layers
differ in arteries vs veins?
3.What type of tissue are capillaries composed
of?
4.What blood vessel has valves?
5.Differentiate between pulmonary and
systemic circulation.

39. Warm Up 4/15
Announcements:
•Warm ups due today
•Chapter 18 quiz next Tuesday –will finish notes on
Monday
•Heart and Blood Vessel Practical next Wednesday
Warm Up:
1.Name the arteries that branch off the aorta.
2.What are the 4 divisions of the aorta?
3.True/False: During fetal circulation fetal and maternal
blood mix.
4.Explain the function of the umbilical cord during fetal
circulation.
5.Describe the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus.

40. Warm Up 4/18/11
Announcements:
1.Chapter 18 Quiz tomorrow
2.Practical Wednesday (sheep heart andblood
vessels)
Warm Up:
1.Respectively, the right and left atrioventricular
(AV) valves are also referred to as:
2.From the L ventricle, blood flows into the:
3.The pulmonary veins carry blood to the:
4.The most abundant blood supply goes to the:
5.What type of blood vessel has valves? What type
of valves are they?

41. Pericardium Disorders
•Pericarditis –inflammation of the heart
–Causes: trauma, viral or bacteria infection, tumor
–Edema causes visceral and parietal layers to rub
together = chest pain
–Pus or blood build up in pericardial space
–S/S
•Pain with respirations or coughing, dyspnea, restlessness
–Complications: Pericardial Effusion, Cardiac
Tamponade
–Treatment:
•Antibiotics, pain meds, antiinflammatory meds,
pericardiocentesis (Cardiac Tamponade)

42. Cardiac Tamponade

43. Heart Valve Disorders
•General Principles:
–Congenital defect: decreased pumping
efficiency
–Incompetent valve leak: allows backflow
into previous chamber
–Stenosed valves: narrowed valve; slowing
blood from out of chamber

44. Heart Valve Disorders
•Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
–Flaps of mitral valve extend back into L
atrium causes leaking
–Mostly genetic basis
–1 in 20 people
–S/S: most asymptomatic; chest pain,
fatigue
–Treatment: valvuloplasty

45. Mitral Valve Prolapse

46. Heart Valve Disorders
•Aortic Regurgitation
–Blood leaks back into L ventricle during
ejection into the aorta
–Volume overload in L ventricle,
hypertrophy, dilation of L ventricle
–Complications: myocaridal ischemia
–Treatment: valvuloplasty

47. Myocardium Disorders
•Atherosclerosis
–Type of arteriosclerosis
–Lipids build up on the inside of vessel walls
calcify vessels hard & brittle
–Risk factors: cigarette smoking, high
fat/cholesterol diet, hypertension

48. Atherosclerosis

49. Myocardium Disorders
•Myocardial Infarction
–“Heart Attack”
–Coronary thrombosis: clot
–Coronary embolism: mobilized clot
–Occlude coronary artery heart tissue
deprived of oxygen cell death
–S/S:
•Angina pectoris–severe chest pain resulting
from inadequate oxygen to myocardium
–Treatment: Coronary Bypass Surgery
•Veins are harvested from other areas of the
body and used to bypass obstructions

51. Myocardium Disorders
•Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
–“Left-sided Heart Failure”
–Inability of the L ventricle to pump blood
efficiently
–Causes: myocardial infarction
–S/S: decreased pumping pressure in
systemic circulation; retained fluids
•Can lead to congestion in pulmonary circulation 
pulmonary edema right-sided heart failure
–Treatment: heart transplant

52. Congestive Heart Failure

53. Myocardium Disorders
•Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
–Leading cause of death in US
–General term to describe decreased blood
flow to myocardium & associated side
effects

54. Disorders of the Arteries
•Arteriosclerosis
–Arteries become occluded, weak and
hardened
–Complications: ischemia, necrosis, gangrene
–Risk factors: age, diabetes, high
fat/cholesterol diet, hypertension, smoking
–Treatment: vasodilators, angioplasty, stent
placement, bypass surgery
–Complications: aneurysm

55. Angioplasty

56. Warm Up 4/25/11
Announcements:
1.Practical grades online
2.Practical & Quiz make ups today after school
3.Use next blank box on warm up sheet
Warm Up:
1.What two vessels return blood to the heart after
systemic circulation?
2.A ___________ is a small artery.
3.What procedure can open a blocked artery and
restore blood to the heart? If this doesn’t work,
what is a more invasive procedure?
4.What does MONA stand for? When is this treatment
used?
5.A cardiac tamponade is the result of too much fluid in
the:

57. Changes to Schedule
•Project due Friday May 13
th
–Computer lab days:
•4/28 (2
nd
Period)
•4/29 (5
th
, 6
th
)
•Block day (5/4, 5/5)
•Chapter 19 Quiz 5/11 or 5/12 (block
day)
•Chapter 18/19 Test –Tuesday 5/17

58. Disorders of Veins
•Varicose Veins
–Enlarged veins caused by pooling
–Results in varicosities or varices (“spider
veins”)
–Risk factors: standing for long periods
•Semilunar valves widen more pooling
–Treatment: compression stockings, surgical
removal

59. Varicose Veins

60. Disorders of Veins
•Phlebitis –vein inflammation
–Causes: irritation by IV catheter
•Thrombophlebitis
–Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
–Phlebitis caused by a clot
–S/S
•Pain, redness, swelling
–Complications
•Pulmonary embolism

61. DVT

62. Pulmonary Embolism

63. Venous Stasis Ulcers
•Result of chronic
vein insufficiency
•Lack of oxygen
to peripheral
tissues
•Elevate leg &
apply pressure
•Irregular edges
•“Aching” pain

64. Heart Defect Project
•Description of the anatomical defect(s)
•Etiology (causes/origin)
•Resulting circulatory problem(s)
–Normal vs abnormal circulation
–Perfusion
–Oxygenation
–Fluid balance
•Associated signs/symptoms
•Prevalence (Statistics)
•Treatment
–Medications
–Surgery
–Life Expectancy (with or without treatment)

65. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

66. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

67. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

68. Atrioventricular Septal Defect
(AVSD)

69. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

70. Transposition of the Great Vessels
(TGV)

71. Coarcatation of the Aorta (CoA)

72. Ebstein’s Anomaly

73. Pulmonary Atresia

74. Truncus Arteriosus

75. Hypoplastic Left Heart
Syndrome