ANCHAL SHARMA.pptx ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE ON FRUIT CROPS

ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE ON FRUIT CROPS

1. MASTER’S SEMINAR ON ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE ON FRUIT CROPS COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE VEER CHANDER SINGH GARHWALI UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY BHARSAR PAURI GARHWAL

2. ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCES ON FRUIT CROPS

3. CONTENT PROPAGATION METHODS IN FRUIT CROPS ROOTSTOCK TYPES OF ROOTSTOCK WHY ROOTSTOCKS ARE USED IN FRUIT CROPS..? PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ROOTSTOCKS FUNCTIONS OF ROOTSTOCK IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCK IN FRUIT CROPS STOCK SCION RELATIONSHIP CASE STUDY CONCLUSION REFERNCES

4. PROPAGATION METHOD IN FRUIT CROPS

5. ROOTSTOCK Rootstock is the lower portion of the graft which develops into the root system of the grafted plant. A rootstock may be a seedling , a rooted cutting or a layered plant. It is also described a plant which already has an established root system on to which a cutting or bud from another plant is grafted.

6. TYPES OF ROOTSTOCK SEEDLING ROOTSTOCK These are developed from seeds. These rootstocks are relatively simple and economical to produce. Root system developed by seedling tend to be deeper. CLONAL ROOTSTOCK Rootstock propagated vegetatively are known as clonal rootstock. Each clonal individual plant is genetically same and have identical growth characteristics.

7. WHY ROOTSTOCKS ARE USED IN FRUIT PROPAGATION..? Rootstocks  determine the longevity of the plant, resistance to pests and diseases, cold hardiness, fruit yield, and the size of the tree, its root system and the tree's ability to adapt to soil types Naturally, most fruit trees easily reach heights of at least 4.5 m (15 ft.) Such tall fruit trees would be difficult to harvest. One great advantage of dwarf rootstocks is that they have no influence on the size of fruit itself, so a dwarf ratio fruit tree will produce the same sized fruit as a large orchard sized tree .

8. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ROOTSTOCK Graft incompatibility. Use in possible only in dicots. Difference in performance according to region, pests, disease, abiotic conditions and other characters. Less options of superior rootstock. Reproduction by asexual method. Knowledge of characteristics of rootstocks.

9. FUNCTIONS OF ROOTSTOCK Penetration of soil Gravitropism (Downward Growth) Water and Mineral intake Conduction ( Xylem and Phloem) Storage of Materials Anchorage

10. IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCKS IN FRUIT CROPS Regulate tree vigour and size. Impart resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of scion cultivars. Resistant to adverse soil and climate conditions. Cold hardiness. Provide strong root system. Regulate uptake of moisture and nutrients. Dwarfing effect. Affect flowering, fruit set, fruit drop, fruit size. Affect fruit quality and yield. Trees propagated on rootstock are true to type , comes to bear earlier, precocious.

11. STOCK SCION RELATIONSHIP EFFECT OF STOCK ON SCION CULTIVARS The effects differ depending upon the nature of the scion and stock and environmental conditions . The effects of rootstock on the scion cultivars include:- tree vigor (dwarfing and vigor), flowering, fruiting, time of maturity, fruit size and fruit quality, resistance to biotic (disease, insect–pest, nematodes, etc.), and abiotic (cold, drought, flooding, salt, nutrients, etc.), stresses and post-harvest fruit quality is well studied in mango, apple, citrus, etc. The rootstock–scion interaction affects the quality of fruit production by mitigating various biotic and abiotic stresses.

12. 1.EFFECT ON TREE VIGOR IN MANGO: Some pre-selection criteria of rootstock selection for dwarfness are higher phloem to xylem and lower stomatal density per unit area on the leaf surface. Higher phenolics content in the apical bud is associated with a reduction in vigor and causes dwarfness. In mango, Vellaikulumban seedling imparted dwarfing in contrast to Alphonso grafted on its own seedling.

13. The grape cultivar “Sultana” grows vigorously when grafted on 1103P, R2, and Ramsey, rootstocks . Psidium pumilum rootstock had dwarfing effect found that guava rootstock aneuploid No. 82 imparts dwarfness to “Allahabad Safeda ” in terms of plant spread, plant volume and tree height and also reported to contribute high yield in this rootstock.

14. Apple rootstock has a dwarfing effect when TFs (transcription factors) are methylated, they fail to bind the IPT5b promoter region, resulting in lower gene expression, which reduces cytokinin synthesis in the roots and causes dwarfism. Unmethylated promoters resulted in increased gene expression and proper cytokinin synthesis in roots, as well as increased vigor.

15. FRUIT CROPS ROOTSTOCK EFFECT PEACH OKINAWA NANO VIGOR SEMI-DWARF MANGO OLOUR VELLAICOLAMBAN DWARFING PEAR QUINCE C PYRODWARF DWARFING CITRUS Poncirus trifoliate FLYING DRAGON DWARFING GUAVA Pusa Srijan (Aneuploid 82) DWARFING APPLE M-2 MM-104 B-9 M-9 VIGOROUS VIGOROUS SEMI-DWARFING DWARFING

16. 2.EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK ON BIOTIC RESISTANCE In fruit crops, biotic stresses such as disease, insect pests, and nematodes are a major concern. As a result, advanced breeding approaches such as trans grafting and gene silencing must be used to increase biotic stress resistance in fruit crops. Apple rootstocks MM 109, MM 106, MM 111, and MM 104 are woolly aphid-resistant . In cherry, the Mahaleb rootstock is resistant to the buckskin virus. Myrobalan B has been described as a plum rootstock resistant to bacterial canker disease .

17. 3.EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK ON ABIOTIC RESISTANCE Many unfavorable pedo-climatic conditions, such as salinity, drought, temperature, and light, cause plants to react biochemically, physiologically, and genetically. Plants respond to salinity using a variety of mechanisms, including salt excretion, salt exclusion, salt avoidance, antioxidant protection, and osmotic adjustment. Rootstocks produce ABA plant hormone in drought stress, which may be involved in water conservation processes through stomatal closure

18. In mango, some rootstocks such as 13-1, Kurakkan, Gomera-1, and Bappakkai are tolerant to salinity Gomera-1 is salt tolerant, limiting the transport and uptake of Na+ and Cl - ions from the root system to the plant’s above-ground portions. CROP ROOTSTOCK RESISTANCE/TOLERANT TRAIT MANGO Kurukan 13/3 Tolerant to salinity GUAVA Crioula Beta Tolerant to salinity Cold hardiness GRAPE Dogridge Salt creek Salt resistant APPLE BUD-9 BUD-67 Cold hardiness

19. 4.EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK ON TREE FLOWERING AND FRUITING The apple cultivar “ Pinova ” was induced to flower early by over-expressing a silver birch floral meristem identity MADS-box gene (BpMADS4) in the rootstock. In apple high-density plantings (HDP), dwarfing rootstocks induces precocious flowering, which enables earlier fruit production . Fruiting precocity is correlated with dwarfing rootstocks and delay in fruiting with vigorous rootstocks.

20. 5.EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK ON FRUIT QUALITY Rootstocks can influence fruit quality by affecting fruit size and color, fruit maturity, firmness, and soluble solids content . IN APPLE: Pacific Gala on B.9 rootstock had a smaller fruit size and earlier fruit maturity but a higher fruit starch degradation pattern (SDP) on this rootstock

21. SOME IMPORTANT ROOTSTOCK AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

22. CASE STUDY

23. CASE STUDY I

24. RESULT

25. CASE STUDY II

26. RESULT

27. CASE STUDY III

28. RESULT

29. CASE STUDY IV

30. RESULTS

31. CASE STUDY V

32. RESULT

33. CONCLUSION Rootstocks play an important role in propagation of fruit plants and imparts various desirable characters in quality, quantity of fruits and vigor and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses in fruit plants Dwarfing rootstocks are important in high density plantation and increase productivity Using stock scion relationship one get production even in hostile areas unsuitable for quality and quantity production There is a lot more research work needed to explore potential of existing varieties to serve as promising rootstocks We need better interstock options to overcome graft incompatibility in certain fruit crops Rootstock which can serve to cope climate change need to be promoted.

34. REFRENCES Dhurve , L., Mathew, D., Joseph, A. V. and Mehara, H. (2023). Rootstocks: Importance in Fruit Crop Improvement. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13(11): 4479 Elaidy , A. A., Abo- Ogiala , A. M., & Khalf , I. R. (2019). Effect of different grape rootstocks on the growth, yield and quality of Superior grape under salt stress.  Middle East J ,  8 (1), 167-175. Hayat, F., Qiu, C., Xu, X., Wang, Y., Wu, T., Zhang, X., and Han, Z. (2019). Rootstocks influence morphological and biochemical changes in young ‘Red Fuji’apple plants.  Int. J. Agric. Biol ,  21 , 1097-1105. Rizwanullah , M., Ahmad, F., Sengupta, S., Ganguly, P., Singh, R. P., & Rai, R. K. A. K. (2023) . Effects of various rootstock and scion stock of vegetative growth of mango. Shivran , M., Sharma, N., Dubey, A. K., Singh, S. K., Sharma, N., Sharma, R. M. and Singh, R. (2022). Scion–Rootstock Relationship: Molecular Mechanism and Quality Fruit Production. Agriculture 12(12): 2036. T.K. Bose, Mitra, S.K., Sandhu, M.K., and Parthasarathy, V.A. (2005). Propagation of Tropical &Subtropical Horticulture Crops . Kolkata: Naya Udyog T.Radha , and Mathew, L. (2007). Fruit Crops . New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency.