ANervousS_CNervpisS_Humanized_Sample.pptx

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1. Title Slide Anatomical & Physiological Links of the ANS with CNS Review of Neurohumoral Transmission & Drug Interference Points Presentation by UG19/MDMD/1043 Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Gombe State University

2. Objectives Explain key ANS–CNS connections Describe major nuclei and pathways Review neurohumoral transmission Identify drug interference points Highlight clinical relevance

3. Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic – Fight or Flight (↑HR, pupil dilation, energy mobilization) Parasympathetic – Rest & Digest (↓HR, pupil constriction, conserve energy) Enteric – Gut control (motility, secretions, local reflexes)

4. Hypothalamus – ANS Command Center Integrates temperature, hormones & osmolarity Key nuclei: Paraventricular – stress & autonomic output Suprachiasmatic – body clock Arcuate – appetite & metabolism Ventromedial – glucose balance Direct signals to brainstem & spinal cord

5. Brainstem Autonomic Centers Medulla oblongata – cardiovascular & respiratory control, vagal nuclei Pons – pneumotaxic center, locus coeruleus (noradrenaline) Midbrain – pupillary reflexes, periaqueductal gray

6. Spinal Cord ANS Integration Sympathetic outflow T1–L2: intermediolateral cell column Parasympathetic outflow S2–S4: sacral nuclei & pelvic control Cranial outflow: brainstem parasympathetic nuclei