Anthrax in ruminants vpm

Anthrax in large animals, cattle, buffalos and other animals are same

1. ANTHRAX Dr Ashish Tanwer Teaching Associate V. C.C, C.V.A.S Bikaner

2. Synonyms:- Splenic Fever, Wool sorter’s disease From the Greek word anthrakos for coal • Caused by spores • Primarily a disease of domesticated & wild animals – Herbivores such as sheep, cows, horses, goats • Natural reservoir is soil – Does not depend on an animal reservoir making it hard to eradicate – Cannot be regularly cultivated from soils where there is an absence of endemic anthrax – Occurs sporadically throughout US – South Dakota, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, California recognized endemic areas ANTHRAX

3. General Characteristics of Bacillus ~ 60 species; Gram-positive or Gram-variable bacilli • Large (0.5 x 1.2 to 2.5 x 10 um) • Most are saprophytic contaminants or normal flora • Bacillus anthracis is most important member Produce endospores Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic Bacillus spp. are ubiquitous • Soil, water, and airborne dust • Thermophilic (< 75°C) and psychrophilic (>5-8°C) • Can flourish at extremes of acidity & alkalinity (pH 2 to 10 )

4. A Closer Look at Anthrax • Anthrax is a disease of cattle, goats, and sheep caused by a bacterium, Bacillus anthracis . It is rare for humans to be infected. Most infections that do occur are localized to small cuts in the skin whose edges turn black (hence the name “ anthracis ”,after anthracite coal). The disease is deadly for humans because B. anthracis produces lethal Toxins.

5. Anthrax Bacilli

6. Bacillus anthracis General characteristics • Bacillus anthracis • Large, Gram positive, non-motile rod • Vegetative form and spores • Nearly worldwide distribution • Over 1,200 strains

7. The Spore • Sporulation requires – Poor nutrient conditions – Presence of oxygen • Spores – Very resistant to extremes – Survive for decades – Taken up by host and germinate • Lethal dose 2,500 to 55,000 spores

8. Endospore • Oxygen required for sporulation • 1 spore per cell • dehydrated cells – Highly resistant to heat, cold, chemical disinfectants, dry periods • Protoplast carries the material for future vegetative cell • Cortex provides heat and radiation resistance • Spore wall provides protection from chemicals & enzymes

9. Mechanism of Infection • Anthrax spores enter body • Germinate & multiple in lymph nodes • PA, EF, LF excreted from bacteria • PA binds to TEM8. • EF and/or LF binds • Complex internalized by endocytosis • Acidification of endosome • LF or EF crosses into cytosol via PA mediated ion conductive channels

10. Appearance of Anthrax • String of pearl appearance with Pencillin • Differentiates Anthrax and Cereus

11. Antibiotics • Pencillin • Erythrocin • Tetracycline • Chloramphenicol • Occasional strains resistant to penicillin are encountered

12. Epidemiology of Anthrax in Animal and Human Hosts

13. Three forms of Anthrax • Cutaneous anthrax – Skin – Most common – Spores enter to skin through small lesions • Inhalation anthrax – Spores are inhaled • Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax – Spores are ingested – Oral-pharyngeal and abdominal

14. Pathogenesis • Anthrax spores enter body • Germinate & multiple in lymph nodes • PA, EF, LF excreted from bacteria • PA binds to TEM8. • PA nicked by protease furin – 20-kDa segment off leaving 63-kDa peptide – Heptamer forms • EF and/or LF binds • Complex internalized by endocytosis • Acidification of endosome • LF or EF crosses into cytosol via PA mediated ion-conductive channels • LF cleaves MAPKK 1 & 2 • EF stimulates cAMP

15. Diagnosis History: Sudden changes in climate and sudden death. Symptoms: Sudden death and bleeding from natural opening . Postmortem finding : oozing of dark- tarry coloured blood from natural opening, enlargement of spleen i.e. Splenomegaly . Microscopic examination of blood smear Isolation and identification of organism

16. Treatment Treatment is effective ,if giving in the initial stage of the disease Amoxycillin @ 10-20 mg/kg or penicillin @10,000-20,000 units/kg IM or Oxytetracycline @10mg/kg IM or IV for 5-7 days Supportive treatment with antipyretics, antihistamine, corticosteroids and fluid therapy.

17. Prevention and Controls General measures Identification and isolation of affected animals Movements of animals from infected area to clean area should be stopped Deep burial of dead animals Destroy contaminated fodder by burning Thorough disinfection of cattle shed by using 10% caustic soda or formaline or 5% phenyl 2. Vaccination Anthrax spores vaccine @1ml sub cut every year before onset of monsoon in area where anthrax outbreak are common The immunity develops in 2 to 3 week and remains for 1 year. Never conduct post-mortem of the animal suspected to be died of anthrax

18. Thank you