Anti-Amoebic Agents | Pharmacology -III |

B.pharm sem 6th pharmacology -III Anti-Amoebic Agents

1. Anti- Amoebic Agents Subject : Pharmacology (BP602TP) Unit : 3

2. Table of content Introduction Pathophysiology Etiology Common sign & symptoms Classification MOA Conclusion

3. Intoduction Antiamoebic agents are compounds of drugs used to cure amoebiasis or acute chronic inflamation of the intestine caused by the protozoan parasite Amoebiasis Amoebiasis caused by the protozoan Entamoeba Histolytica. It caused by faecal contamination of food or water. Through it primarily affects colons, other organs like liver,lungs and brain are the secondary sites.

4. Life Cycle Of Entamoeba Histolytica. Entamoeba histolytica exists in two forms: 1. Cysts form (That can survive out side the body). 2. Trophozoites form (That are labile and don't persist outside the body). | Life cycle consists of following steps: 1. Ingestion of cysts :- Cysts are ingested through feces, contaminated food or water. 2. Formation of trophozoites :- Cysts are passed into the lumen of intestine, where the trophozoites are liberated.

5. 3. Penetration and multiplication of trophozoites * Trophozoites are penetrated in intestinal wall and multiply within colon wall. * They either invade and ulcerate the mucosa of large intestine or simply feed on intestinal bacteria. 4 . Systemic invasion * Large numbers of trophozoites within the colon wall can also lead | to systemic invasion and caused liver abscess. 5. Cysts discarded * The trophozoites within the intestine are slowly carried toward the rectum, where they return to cyst form and are excreted in feces

6. Causes of amoebiasis Contaminated food and water:  Eating or drinking of the undercooked food and untreated water. Poor hygiene practice:  Not washing hands properly before eating and after toilet. Direct contact:  Touching contaminated surfaces. Travel to the affected areas:  Visiting areas where the parasite is common and sanitation is inadequate. Immune Status : People with compromised immune systems are prone to such illness.

7. Symptoms of amoebiasis Fever Nausea & Vomiting Weight loss Abdominal discomfort Diarrhoea Blood Or Mucus in stool Stomach pain Lower back pain Appetite loss

8. Classification of antiamoebic agents

9. Mechanism of action of antiamoebic agents 2. Emetine: when this drug enter in cell. then Microorganisms including anaerobic bacteria and certain protozoa reduce the nitro group of Metroni dazole by a nitroreductase and convert it to a cytotoxic derivative. • This derivative binds to DNA and inhibits protein synthesis. Emetine is bind with ribosomes to inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis. Then, further it interfere in synthesis and function of DNA & RNA leading to cell death. 1. Metronidazole :

10. 3. N itazoxanide : It is prodrug which on absorption is converted to the active form tizoxanide, an inhibitor of PFOR enzyme that is an essential pathway of electron transport energy metabolism in anaerobic organisms . 4. Diloxanide furoate : * Diloxanide furoate is directly amoebicidal. * It is split in the intestines to diloxanide and furoic acid. * It acts on the parasite in the intestines but not in the tissues.

11. Marketed formulation of antiamoebic agents Metronidazole Emetine Nitazoxanie

12. Adverse effects of antiamoebic Agents Nausea& vomiting Headache Loss appetite Contipation Anorexia Abdominal cramps Dizziness Metallic taste

13. conclusion