Antibiotic

antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections.

1. Antibiotics ABHISHEK SHANKAR BORKAR Student of B-pharm( 3 rd yr ) Shraddha institute of pharmacy washim

2. Contents INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS CLASSIFICATION MECHANISMS OF ACTION STRUCTURE –ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS References

3. Introduction Antibiotics are the agent that produced by one microorganism and kill or inhibits the growth of other microorganism . Medication used to treat bacterial infections. The term antibiotic first used in 1942 by SELMAN WAKSMAN

4. History of Antibiotics First Antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming is PENICILLIN Penicillin in discovered in 1929 it was first antibiotics His working in his lab ,trying to kill a deadly bacteria ,when he n oticed a blue mold growing on dish .

5. What is an antibiotic Antibiotic is from antibiosis , means against life A substances derived from a microorganism or produced synthetically (Quinolones,Sulfonamides ) To that kill or inhibits the growth of microorganisms .

6. General structure of penicillin Properties of Penicillin G:- Active against Gram + ve bacilli (Staphylococci, meningitis and gonorrhea) and many (but not all) Gram – ve Cocci. Non - toxi c – Th e penicillin are amongst t h e sa fest drugs k n ow n t o medicine. Not active over a wide range (or spectrum) of bacteria. Ineffective when taken orally since it breaks down in the acid condition of the stomach Penicillin G can only be administered by injection

7. On the basis of spectrum of antimicrobial activity Narrow Spectrum antibiotics e.g. Benzyl penicillin , Bacitracin 2. Broad Spectrum antibiotics e.g. Chloramphenicol , Streptomycin Antibiotics Classifcation

8. # On the basis of chemical strucher A ) Beta lactam antibiotics Eg.Benzyl penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin Non –beta lactam antibiotics E.g. .tetracycline ,Streptomycin C) Miscellaneous antibiotics E.g. .chloramphenicol

9. A. Beta lactam antibiotic 1) Benzyl penicillin Uses :- Meningitis , Aspiration pneumonia , Diphtheria

10. 2. Ampicillin Uses:- Bacterial Meningitis , Endocarditis, Bronchitis .

11. 2. Non –beta lactam antibiotics 1.tetracyclin Uses:- Plague , Rickettsia infections

12. 2.Streptomycin Uses :-Tuberculosis ,Endocarditis

13. c) Miscllaneous antibiotics 1 .chloramphenicol Uses :-Typhoid, Meningitis, Ferve , UTI.

14. Mechanism of Antibiotics Bacteriostatic eg. Tetracycline , Chloramphenicol , Trimethoprim Bactericidal eg . Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Monobabactams

15. STRUCTURE –ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS OF PENICILLINS Fused β- lactam and thiazolidine ring forming a bicyclic system ( Penam ). Bicyclic system confers strain on the β- lactam ring The free carboxylic acid group is essential. The strained β- lactam ring is essential (increase strain, increase in activity, increase instability) The acyl amino side chain is essential except for thienamycin

16. Sulfur is usual but not essential The stereochemistry of the bicyclic ring with respect to the acyl amino side chain is important - Cis stereochemistry for the hyd Very little variation is tolerated by penicillin nucleus. Also, any variation which can be made is restricted to the acyl amino side chain

17. References Adzitey F. (2015). Antibiotic classes and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from selected poultry; a mini review. World Vet. J. 5 (3): 36-41 Text book of medicinal chemistry-III by dr sanajay walode