Anticancer drug from plant

Anticancer drug from plant

1. Anti cancer drugs obtained from plant sources P RESENTED BY Nabeela Jabeen

2. DEFINITION CANCER:- Cancer is characterized by rapid and uncontrolled formation of abnormal cells which may mass together to form a growth or tumor, or proliferate throughout the body, initiating abnormal growth at other sites. * ANTI-CANCER DRUGS:- The Drugs that are used in inhibiting the abnormal cell growth or killing the cancer cells.

3. CLASSIFICATION:- S.No CLASS DRUGS PLANT SOURCE 1. Vinca alkaloids Vincristine Vinblastine Catharanthus roseus ( Apocynaceae ) 2. Taxanes Paclitaxel Docetaxel Taxus brevifolia ( Taxaceae ) 3. Epipodophyllotoxin Etoposide Podophyllum hexandrum ( Berberidaceae ) 4. Camptothecin analouges Topotecan Irinotecan Camptotheca acuminata ( Nyssaceae )

4. 5. Colchicine Demecoline Cocus cholchicum Autumnale ( Liliaceae ) 6. Maytansinoid Mcytanacine Maytansine Maytenus buchananii , M.Serrata ( Celastraceae ) 7. Macrocyclic lactones Bryostanins Bryozoa Bugula neritina 8. Quassinoids Bruceantin brusato Brucea javanica ( Simarubaceae ) 9. Curcuma Curcumin Curcuma longa ( Zingiberaceae ) 10. Flavonoids Vicenin Orentin Ocimum sanctum ( Labiatae )

5. 11. Sesquiterpene Gossypal Gossypium barbadense ( Gossypiaceae ) 12. Ellipticine Ellipticine Ochrosia eliptica ( Apocynaceae ) 13. Pthalide isoquinoline alkaloid Noscapine Papaver somniferum ( Papaveraceae ) 14. Acetogenins Acetogenin Annona species ( Annonaceae )

6. MODE OF ACTION OF NATURAL ANTICANCER DRUGS : Purine synthesis Pyrimidine synthesis Ribonucleotides Deoxyribonucleotides DNA RNA Enzymes Proteins Microtubules Camptothecin Etoposide Block topoisomerase functions Paclitaxel Vinca Cholchine Inhibit the function of microtubules

7. RECENT ADVANCES OF NATURAL ANTICANCER AGENTS:- 1. Natural agents have low toxicity. 2.The MOA of recent natural agents are * Acts on DNA bases * Intercalation of DNA * Inhibit topoisomerases & Proteinkinases * Induction of Apoptosis (Cell suicide) 3. Many new species are investigated to find out new agents for treatment of cancer. 4.Cell culture techniques are involved to produce new botanical therapeutic agents to treat neoplasms 5. Development of QSAR modelling on anti- cancer agents also produces good therapeutic agents with decreasing toxicity

8. PLANT-DERIVED ANTICANCER AGENTS IN CLINICAL USE:- 1. First agents that were clinically used are Vinca alkaloids, Vinblastine (VLB) & Vincristine (VCR), isolated from Madagascar periwinkle. 2. Two clinically active agents, etoposide (VM 26) & teniposide (VP 16-213), semi synthetic derivatives of epipodophyllotoxin are used in cancer treatment. 3. The use of various parts of T.brevifolia and other Taxus species is widely used in caner therapy. 4. Anti-cancer drug armamentarium is the class of clinically- active agents derived from camptothecin , which is isolated from chinese ornamental tree is widely used. 5. Other plant-derived agents in clinical use are homoharringtonine ( Cephalotaxus harringtonia ) and elliptinium , a derivative of ellipticine , isolated from species of several genera of the Apocynaceae family, including Bleekeria vitensis A.C.Sm .

9. PLANT-DERIVED ANTICANCER AGENTS IN CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT:- 1.Vinblastine/ Vincristine : Catharanthus roseus /Jamaica, Philippines (originally from Madagascar) 2. Etoposide : Podophyllum species / Eastern US, Himalayas 3. Paclitaxel / Docetaxel : Taxus species/NW US, Europe 4. Topotecan / Irinotecan : Camptotheca acuminata /China 5. Homoharringtonine : Cephalotaxus harringtonia /China 6. Flavopiridol : Synthetic based on rohutikine from Dysoxylum binectariferum /India 7. Combretastatins : Combretum caffrum /S. Africa

10. Vinblastine Vincristine Vinorelbine Teniposide Irinotecan Docetaxel

11. Vinca alkaloids B. source: Catharanthus roseus Family: Apocynaceae Part used: Dried whole plant Chemical constituent: Vincristine Vinblastine Ajmalicine Vindesine

12. MODE OF ACTION OF VINCA These drugs block the formation of mitotic spindle by preventing the assembly of tubulin dimers into microtubules. They act primarily on the M phase of cancer cell cycle.

13. Uses of vinca In Europe, folk remedy for diabetes for centuries. In China, an astringent, diuretic and cough remedy. In Central and South America, homemade cold remedy to ease lung congestion and inflammation and sore throats Throughout the Caribbean, an flower extract to treat eye irritation and infections

14. V in B lastine V in C ristine Uses : Hodgkin’s disease Lymphomas Carcinoma Breast Testicular tumors Uses : Childhood leukemias Childhood tumors- Wilm’s tumor, Neuroblastoma , Hodgkin’s disease

15. Podophyllum B. Source: Podophyllum hexandrum Family: Berberidaceae Part used: dried rhizomes & roots Uses: Used in treatment of small cell carcinoma of lung, prostrate and testicular carcinomas Chemical constitutent : Podophyllotoxin Etoposide Teniposide Podophyllotoxin

16. MOA of Podophyllum Acts by inhibiting topoisomerase II These drugs are most active in late S and early G2 phase

17. Taxanes B. source: Taxus brevifolia Family : Taxaceae Part used: Stem bark Uses: Ovarian cancer Lung carcinoma Gastric & Cervical cancers Prostate & colon cancer Chemical constituent: Taxol Paclitaxel Docetaxal Taxol TAXOL

18. MOA of Taxanes These drugs act by interfering with mitotic spindle They prevent micotubule disassembly into tubulin monomers

19. Camptothecin B. source: Camptotheca acuminata Family: Nyssaceae Part used: Dried stem wood Uses: Ovarian cancers Colorectal cancer Cancer of neck & head Liver cancer Chemical constituent: Camptothecin Topotecan Irinotecan Camptothecin Topotecan TOPOTECAN Camptotecan

20. MOA of Camptothecin Camptothecin act by inhibiting topoisomerase -I

21. CONCLUSION Plants have been a prime source of highly effective conventional drugs for the treatment of many forms of cancer. The actual compound isolated from the plant may not serve as the drug but leads to the development of potential novel agents. Natural agents are proving to be an important source of novel inhibitors & have the potential for development into selective anticancer agents.

22. Objectives At the end of lecture student will able to understand What is cancer Classification of anticancer drug from plant Their mode of actions Also their pharmacognostic features