Anticariogenic foods

Anticariogenic foods are foods that doesnt cause dental caries and protects the teeth from microorganisms that produces dental caries. Numerous dietary foods that are consumed everyday has anticariogenic potential which are unaware of; Hence,this presentation would be useful to gain knowledge about the anticariogenic foods that are available.

1. ANTICARIOGENIC FOODS

2. CONTENTS Cariogenic foods Anticariogenic foods Cariostatic foods Fibrous foods Diary based foods Casein phosphopeptide -Amorphous calcium phosphate Anticariogenic sugars Methods to assess cariogenicity Commercially available anticariogens Recent facts Conclusion References

3. CARIOGENIC FOODS Crackers, Carbonated drinks chips, pretzels, cereals, breads, fruits, sugars, sweets, desserts Fermentable carbohydrates , those that can be broken down by salivary amylase

4. What are ANTICARIOGENIC FOODS? R educes collagenase activity of bacteria H inders the synthesis of insoluble glucans by Glucosyltransferase How it works? Reduce the metabolic activity

5. What are CARIOSTATIC FOODS? Not metabolized by microorganisms in plaque to cause a drop in salivary pH <5.5

6. APPLE & FIBROUS PLANT FOODS Acidic salivary flow pH Buffering capacity Yoon SY, et al. Tannins  Anti adhesion property Inhibits bacteria from bonding Chewable salivary flow Clears DEBRIS Detergent Foods

7. BERRIES F lavonoids Inhibits bacterial adherence to the tooth Phenolic components damage bacterial cell wall Moynihan P et al

8. UNREFINED CEREALS & NUTS POLYPHENOLS Taketa and Phillips Reduces Enamel solubility Oat hulls Rice Cottonseed Peanuts groundnuts

9. Geneva: WHO/FAO Expert consulation,2003 CHEESE Increases Salivary flow rate Increases pH Raises calcium concentration of dental plaque Favors remineralization Calcium & phosphorous Cacein & whey protein Tyramine Fatty acids Prevents Demineralization C heese to rats caused pH raise in plaque( Rugg Gunn et al 1975)

10. YOGURT P robiotic Protein content is high than milk due to addition of non-fat dry milk during processing & concentration Calcium & phosphorous Casein phosphopeptides Prevents Demineralization

11. GARLIC Used by Egyptians & Chinese for 3,000 years as flavouring agent and Folk medicine Animal and in vitro experiments showed that garlic juice inhibits the growth of bacteria of the genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus Diallyl Sulfide

12. COCOA BEAN HUSK Contains higher molecular- weight polyphenolic compounds (ANTIGLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE PROPERTY ) Contains unsaturated free fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids , which exhibit antibacterial activity against S. mutans . Ooshima et al

13. TULSI EUGENOL ursolic acid and carvacrol Ocimum sanctum Inhibits growth of streptococcus mutans 4% maximum antimicrobial potential

14. GLYCYRRHIZA ROOTS G lycyrrhizal -A He et al. Extract was used to develop a sugar-free lollipop that when applied two times a day for the period of ten days has promoted the marked reduction of cariogenic bacteria in humans.

15. Bovine Milk

16. Mattos-Graner et al. (1998) Young Brazilian children Milk in bottles not associated with caries unless sugar is added Zita et al. (1959) Milk intake Sugar intake Negative correlation Positive correlation Potgieger et al. (1956) 864 10-16 year-old children in Connecticut, USA. Drop in DMF rate with increased cups of milk consumed Sperling et al. 1955; Shaw et al. 1959 Cariogenic diet with cow’s milk Milk substantially reduced dental caries Bowen et al. (1991) Lactose reduced milk Sucrose/Lactose in water Caries-free caries Animal studies Human studies

17. CASEIN PHOSPHOPEPTIDE-AMORPHOUS CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CPP-ACP ToothPaste Bovine enamel Prevents deminelization Kanako Yamaguchi et al,2005 CPP can decrease S.mutans count, with its ability to integrate in the pellicle Electron histochemistry of a supragingival plaque sample demonstrating CPP–ACP nano complexes confined in the plaque matrix and on the surface of bacterial cells King Saud University Journal of Dental Sciences (2013) 4 , 47 – 51

18. Calcium & Phosphorous rich foods

19. Arch Oral Biol . 2011, 56: 556-564 Antonio et al Light roasted Coffea canephora extract interact with enamel organic matrix Inhibits decomposition of organic matrix during acid attack by micro-organisms Polyphenols

20. XYLITOL

21. TEA Vishal et al Black tea decoction on salivary amylase enzyme in 30 children in age group of 12 to 15 yrs Significant inhibitory action of black tea decoction in comparison to test solution,indicating the anticariogenic action of black tea . J Clin Diagn Res . 2016 Mar; 10(3): ZC74–ZC77. Polyphenols( Elvin-Lewis and Steelman (1968) Fluorides( Hattori et al., 1990) Anticariogenicity

22. Methods to assess cariogenicity of foods 1.PLAQUE SAMPLING Plaque pH is measured every 10mins(3times) Beetrode ’ microelectrode with a reference electrode • ‘Microelectrode’ combination electrode. • ‘Drop’ combination electrode 2.TOUCH ELECTRODE Iridium oxide electrode is used to measure the pH of interproximal plaque 3. INDWELLING ELECTRODE TELEMETRY Used in the accreditation of food stuffs

23. Timesofindia :VEGETARIAN TIMES/WELL-BEING I ndian D ietary H abits in R elation to D ental C aries among 12-15 year old S chool C hildren in B angalore C ity Shweta Verma 1 , Pramila Mallaiah 2 , Umashankar Gangadharaiah Kadalur 3 , Ripika Sharma 4

24. CONCLUSION Use of Anticariogenic foods rich in calcium,phosphorous and fluoride not only remineralizes incipient lesions; as well as prevents dental caries. Intake of such foods is necessary to prevent dental caries.

25. REFERENCES 1.M.Moezizadeh & Moayedi:Anticariogenic effect of amorphous calcium phosphate stabilized by casein phosphopeptide.Res.J.Biol.Sci.2009;4(1):132-136. 2. Vishal Arya, Lavina Taneja, Ankit Srivastava, and Swati Nandlal: Anticariogenic Activity of Black Tea - An Invivo Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Mar; 10(3): ZC74–ZC77 . 3. M. E. J. Curzon and J. J. Hefferren: Modern methods for assessing the cariogenic and erosive potential of foods. Brit dent j;2001:1. 4. A.G. Antonio; A. Farah; K.R.N. dos Santos3; L.C. Maia: The potential anticariogenic effect of coffee . Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances 5. Imran Farooq , Imran A. Moheet , Zonera Imran , Umer Farooq : A review of novel dental caries preventive material: Casein phosphopeptide –amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP) Complex. King Saud University Journal of Dental Sciences (2013) 4, 47–51 6. Dr.Varunkumar.V.S , Dr.Mali.G.Nair , Dr.Sam Joseph, Dr.Varghese.N.O: Evaluation of the anticariogenic effect of crude extract of Piper betle by assessing its action on salivary pH – An in vitro study.JDMS 2014;13(8).

26. 7. Shweta Verma, Pramila Mallaiah, Umashankar Gangadharaiah Kadalur, Ripika Sharma :Indian Dietary Habits in Relation to Dental Caries among 12-15 year old School Children in Bangalore City.Int J oral healt med res;2016;3(1 ). 8. Venugopal TM 1, Swathi D 1, Suchitha Y 1, Prashith Kekuda TR: Mineral Composition, Cytotoxic and Anticariogenic Activity of Scleropyrum pentandrum ( Dennst .) Mabb.IJDDR;2012:4(1). 9. Gianmaria F. Ferrazzano , Ivana Amato , Aniello Ingenito, Armando Zarrelli ,Gabriele Pinto and Antonino Pollio. Plant Polyphenols and Their Anti-Cariogenic Properties: A Review. Molecules 2011, 16 , 1486-1507. 10. IshaniVakil , Vabitha Shetty & AmithaM.Hegde . Remineralizing and anticariogenic benefits of puremilk – Areview . NUJHS Vol. 6, No.2, 2016 11. Sugar substitutes and their role in caries prevention Adopted by the FDI General Assembly: 26th September 2008, Stockholm, Sweden. Osawa K, Miyazaki K, Shimura S, Okuda J, Matsumoto M and 12.Ooshima M.Identification of Cariostatic Substances in Cacao Bean Husk : Their Antiglycosyltransferase and Antibacterial Activities. J DENT RES 2001;80: 2000