Antioxidants

Free radicals are very unstable and react quickly with other compounds, trying to capture the needed electron to gain stability.
Generally, free radicals attack the nearest stable molecule, "stealing" its electron.
When the "attacked" molecule loses its electron, it becomes a free radical itself, beginning a chain reaction.
Once the process is started, it can cascade, finally resulting in the disruption of a living cell.

1. 1 Antioxidants Dr. Fathi Neana, MD Chief of Orthopaedics Dr. Fakhry & Dr. A. Al-Garzaie Hospital April ,08 - 2020

2. 3 A Chromosome is an organized package of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes - 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, X & Y The Chromosome

3. 4 Free radicals can severely affect the DNA, Proteins & cell membranes Virus vs. mRNA

4. 5 إكتشف العلماء حديثا الكروموسوم وهى تسمية يونانية وتعني بالعربية الجسم الملون او الصبغى المدهش هو تلك الاشارة القرآنية من قبل 1400 سنة فى عبارة (وصبغ للآكلين) فقد ورد فى قول الله تعالى:   وشجرة تخرج من طور سيناء تنبت بالدهن "وصبغ للآكلين "   ( 20 ) ) سورة المؤمنون.  وما يثير العجب ان العلماء اكتشفوا أن طعام سكان حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط الغنى بالزيتون يقى من الشيخوخة والسرطان لأنه يحافظ على سلامة الكروموسومات (الصبغيات) ويقيها من التأثير الضار للملوثات والمؤكسدات لإحتوائه على مضادات الأكسدة  

5. 6 وَشَجَرَةً تَخْرُجُ مِنْ طُورِ سَيْنَاءَ تَنْبُتُ بِالدُّهْنِ وَصِبْغٍ لِلْآكِلِينَ   المؤمنون: 20

6. 7 The human body is composed of many different types of cells Cells are composed of many different types of molecules Molecules consist of one or more atoms of one or more elements joined by chemical bonds

7. 8 Free Radicals (Oxidants)   Free radicals are very unstable and react quickly with other compounds, trying to capture the needed electron to gain stability. Generally, free radicals attack the nearest stable molecule, "stealing" its electron. When the "attacked" molecule loses its electron, it becomes a free radical itself, beginning a chain reaction. Once the process is started, it can cascade, finally resulting in the disruption of a living cell. Antioxidants

8. 9 Some free radicals arise normally By-products of the body ’ s metabolic reactions However, environmental factors such as pollution, radiation, cigarette smoke and herbicides can also spawn free radicals Normally, the body can handle free radicals, but if antioxidants are unavailable, or if the free-radical production becomes excessive, damage can occur. Of particular importance is that free radical damage accumulates with age. Sometimes the body?s immune system?s cells purposefully create them to neutralize viruses and bacteria

9. 10 The incomplete molecules aggressively attack other molecules in order to replace their missing parts. These reactions are called "oxidation” Free radical molecules are missing one or more electrons It steal electrons from the proteins in our body, & badly damages our DNA & other cell structures. Free radicals tend to collect in cell membranes (lipid peroxidation ), which makes the cell lipids prone to oxidative damage. The cell membrane becomes brittle and leaky, causing the cell to fall apart and die .

10. Free Radicals "snowballing effect" – as molecules steal from one another, each one becomes a new free radical

11. 12 Q`1 Free radicals can severely affect the DNA Free radicals are linked to different disease including Cancer Cataracts Parkinson's disease Atherosclerosis – CHD Alzheimer's disease D isrupt the duplication of DNA , I nterfer with DNA maintenance B reaking or altering DNA structure by reacting wit h its bases

12. 13

13. 14 Antioxidants are electron donors

14. 15 It break the free radical chain reaction by sacrificing their own electrons to feed free radicals, but without turning into free radicals themselves . Providing cells with adequate defense against attack by reactive oxygen species (ROS). It maintain good health & reducing your risk of heart disease, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, cancer, slow down the aging process, which can have immense effects on skin health. Other important benefits of antioxidants include: Repairing damaged molecules  Blocking metal radical production  Stimulating gene expression and endogenous antioxidant production  Providing a "shield effect“  Promoting cancer cells to "commit suicide" – Some antioxidants can provide anti-cancer chemicals that halt cancer growth and force some cancer cells to self-destruct (apoptosis). Antioxidants are electron donors

15. 16 Antioxidants neutralize free radicals by donating one of their own electrons, ending the electron-"stealing" reaction. The antioxidant nutrients themselves don o t become free radicals by donating an electron because they are stable in either form They act as scavengers, helping to prevent cell and tissue damage that could lead to disease. Vitamin E ? The most abundant fat-soluble antioxidant in the body . One of the most efficient chain-breaking antioxidants. Primary defender against oxidation and lipid peroxidation (creation of unstable molecules containing more oxygen than is usual Vitamin C ? The most abundant water-soluble antioxidant in the body . Acts primarily in cellular fluid combating free-radical formation caused by pollution and cigarette smoke. Also helps return vitamin E to its active form. The Antioxidants and Disease Prevention Heart Disease ? Vitamin E may protect against cardiovascular disease by defending against LDL oxidation and artery-clogging plaque formation. Cancer ? Many studies have correlated high vitamin C intakes with low rates of cancer, particularly cancers of the mouth, larynx and esophagus Eat Your Fruits and Vegetables and balanced diet Antioxidants Prevent Against Free Radical Damage .

16. Sources of Antioxidants Compounds that neutralizes free radicals, and counteract the oxidation that takes place in cells Endogenous Antioxidants produced by the body Glutathione  Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)  CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) Cholesterol Exogenous Antioxidants that cannot be manufactured inside our body, must be obtained from antioxidant-rich foods or potent antioxidant supplements Resveratrol ( polyphenols )   Carotenoids (carotenes – Astaxanthin) Selenium ( Selenoproteins) Flavonoids Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin E

17. 18 أحِلَّ لَكُمْ صَيْدُ الْبَحْرِ وَطَعَامُهُ مَتَاعًا لَّكُمْ وَلِلسَّيَّارَةِ ۖ ( 96) سورة المائدة Astaxanthin is the most powerful carotenoid in terms of free radical scavenging. It is 65 times more powerful than vitamin C, 54 times more powerful than beta-carotene, and 14 times more powerful than vitamin E.  Like resveratrol, it can also cross the blood-brain barrier , AND the blood-retinal barrier – something that beta-carotene and lycopene cannot do. Astaxanthin is also more effective than other carotenoids at "singlet oxygen quenching," a particular type of oxidation caused by sunlight and various organic materials. Astaxanthin is 550 times more powerful than vitamin E and 11 times more powerful than beta-carotene at neutralizing this singlet oxygen. 12 Astaxanthin   –a carotenoid, this antioxidant is superb nutritional advantage. Astaxanthin is a marine carotenoid produced by the microalgae  Haematococcus pluvialis  when its water supply dries up, to give itself protection from ultraviolet radiation.

18. 19 وَهُوَ الَّذِي سَخَّرَ الْبَحْرَ لِتَأْكُلُوا مِنْهُ لَحْمًا طَرِيًّا وَتَسْتَخْرِجُوا مِنْهُ حِلْيَةً تَلْبَسُونَهَا وَتَرَى الْفُلْكَ مَوَاخِرَ فِيهِ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ (14) سورة النحل Astaxanthin is an antioxidant with wide ranging benefits, such as Supporting your immune function Improving your cardiovascular health by reducing C-Reactive Proteins (CRP) and triglycerides, and increasing beneficial HDL Protecting your eyes from cataracts, macular degeneration, and blindness Protecting your brain from dementia and Alzheimer's Reducing your risk of different types of cancer Promoting recovery from spinal cord and other central nervous system injuries Reducing inflammation from all causes, including arthritis and asthma Improving your endurance, workout performance, and recovery Relieving indigestion and reflux Helping stabilize your blood sugar, thereby protecting your kidneys Increasing sperm strength and sperm count and improving fertility Helping  prevent sunburn  and protecting you from damaging radiation effects Reducing oxidative damage to your DNA Reducing symptoms of diseases, such as pancreatitis, multiple sclerosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis , Lou Gehrig's disease, Parkinson's disease, and neurodegenerative d iseases

19. Selenium Functions Antioxidant system Thyroxine and immune function Deficiency Keshan disease Impaired immune response, cognitive function, muscle pain, wasting The Link between Selenium and Chemoprevention: A Case for Selenoproteins -- Diwadkar-Navsariwala and Diamond 134 (11): 2899 -- Journal of Nutrition Sources: Nuts, Seafood (Oysters) (Tuna ) , Liver (Lambs). Pasta Selenium – RDA 55 mg/day

20. 21 Caused by a combination of  dietary deficiency of selenium  and the presence of a mutated strain of Coxsackievirus , named after  Keshan County  of Heilongjiang  province, Northeast China, where symptoms were first noted. all due to  selenium -deficient soil. The disease peaked in 1960−1970, claiming thousands of lives.  [1]   [2] Often fatal, the disease afflicts children and women of child bearing age, characterized by  heart failure and   pulmonary edema . Over decades, supplementation with selenium reduced this affliction Keshan disease is a congestive  cardiomyopathy

21. 22 Public Health Nutr.  2001 Apr;4(2B):593-9. Selenium, Selenoproteins and human health: a review. Brown KM 1 ,  Arthur JR . Selenium is of fundamental importance to human health. Selenocysteine at active site of a wide range of selenoproteins Essential component of several major metabolic pathways, including thyroid hormone metabolism, antioxidant defence systems, and immune function. The decline in blood selenium concentration in the UK and other European Union countries increses chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. >30 new selenoproteins have been identified, prohormone thyroxin (T4) to (T3). plays a regulatory role in metabolic activity Sperm capsule selenoprotein stabilises integrity of the sperm flagella. Tissue concentrations of selenoprotein necessary for muscle metabolism. Dietary selenium is important for a healthy immune response. protective effect against some forms of cancer; enhance male fertility; decrease cardiovascular disease mortality, and regulate the inflammatory mediators in asthma.