antiserum by samawia iqbal

antiserum, its preparation, sources structures and uses

1. ANTISERUM PRESENTED TO: MA’AM HUMERA PRESENTED BY: GROUP ‘ F ’

2. GROUP MEMBERS ASHMAL SALMAN HAFIZA MUQADAS MANZOOR INSA BABAR AQSA YASIR SAMAWIA IQBAL LAIBA NOOR LARAIB FATIMA

3. CONTENTS Introduction Antiserum Types of antiserum Composition Structures Sources Preparation How it works! Comparison Selection of antisera Uses

4. INTRODUCTION Antiserum refers to the blood from an immunized host from which clotting proteins and red blood cells have been removed. The antiserum will contain antibodies/immunoglobulins of all classes as well as other serum proteins . The serum of an animal or human containing antibodies against a specific disease; used to confer a passive immunity to that disease. Antisera do not provoke the production of antibodies. Inoculation with such an antiserum provokes temporary or passive immunity against a disease and is used when a person has already been exposed to or has contracted a disease.

5. CONT.. Diseases in which passive immunity is used includes : Diphtheria Tetanus Botulism Gas gangrene

6. ANTISERUMS Antiserum is purified, diluted, and standardized solution containing known antibodies ; which is used to know the presence and absence of antigen on cell. Antiserum is named on the basis of the antibodies it contains: Anti A antiserum__ antiserum containing anti A antibody. Anti B antiserum __ antiserum containing anti B antibody. Anti AB antiserum __ antiserum containing anti A and B antibody.

7. TYPES OF ANTISERUM It may be a monovalent (or specific) antiserum or polyvalent antiserum . M onovalent antiserum is a type of antiserum containing one specific antigen. P olyvalent antiserum is a type of antiserum with more than one antigens.

8. COMPOSITION In addition to antibodies that recognize the target antigen , the antiserum also contains antibodies to various non-target antigens that can sometimes react non-specifically in immunological assays. For this reason, raw antiserum is often purified, to eliminate serum proteins and to enrich the fraction of immunoglobulin that specifically reacts with the target antigen .

9. STRUCTURES

10. SOURCES OF ANTISERUM Antiserum is obtained through different sources: Animal inoculations . In which animals are inoculated by known antigen and the resulting serum containing antibodies is standardized for use. Immuned Individual . Serum is collected from an individual who has been synthesized to the antigen through transfusion, pregnancy or injection.

11. CONT.. Antisera can be raised in a wide variety of vertebrate animals: Mice and rats Guinea pigs  H amsters Rabbits C hickens Sheep, goats D onkeys and horses.

12. PREPARATION Antiserums are prepared by injecting an antigen into an animal, the quality of antisera produced will be based on the type of antigen selected. Following are the steps:   first immunological reaction between a serum sample   injecting into an animal withdrawal of serum second immunological reaction between the withdrawn serum and a serum sample  selecting a second antigen/antibody complex

13. HOW IT WORKS Antibodies in the antiserum binds to the infectious agent. The  immune system then recognizes foreign agents bound to antibodies and triggers a more robust immune response The use of antiserum is particularly against pathogens and which are capable of evading the immune system in the unstimulated state but not robust enough to evade stimulated immune system. The existence of antibodies to the agent depends on an initial survivor whose immune system, by chance, discovered a counteragent to the pathogen or a host species which carries the pathogen but does not suffer from its effects. 

14. CONT… Further stocks of antiserum can then be produced from the initial donor or from a donor organism that is inoculated with the pathogen and cured by some stock of preexisting antiserum. Diluted snake venom is often used as an antiserum to give passive immunity to snake venom

15. DIGRAMATIC VIEW

16. COMBAT PANDEMICS During the early stages of the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, reliable treatment options had not been found. In reaction, convalescent blood plasma was considered as a possible and is used as a treatment option at least for severe cases .

17. EXAMPLE The diagram showing how we are using sera to combat this pandemic COVID-19

18. COMPARISONS

19. CONT…

20. SELECTION OF ANTISERA Antisera must be of high quality with a shelf life of at least one year of use. Should contain a preservative to minimize contaminations Should be stored in refrigerators at 2-8 degree Celsius. Should be used according to manufacturers instructions Must comply with the standards laid down for potency and specificity. New reagents must be not be introduced into routine working until QC testing prove them satisfactory. Should be clearly labeled with: Batch date Expiry date

21. USES OF ANTISERA Antisera are prepared to combat certain diseases. They are in particular used to provide passive immunity against diseases . E.g. Ebola outbreak. The use of antiserum and antitoxin preparations is now a standard avenue of infection control For example Edward Jenner strategies Used to spread passive immunity to many diseases via blood donation (plasmapheresis). Widely used in diagnostic virology laboratories. The most common use of antiserum in humans is as antitoxin or antivenom to treat envenomation . Serum therapy, also known as serotherapy , describes the treatment of infectious disease using the serum of animals that have been immunized against the specific organisms or their product, to which the disease is supposedly referable.

22. REFERENCES https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-serum-and-antiserum / http://www.freepatentsonline.com / https:// www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/antiserum https://slideplayer.com/slide/9223507 / https:// www.google.com/search?q=what+is+antiserum https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/polyclonal-and-monoclonal-antibody-production / https:// www.britannica.com/science/antibody https://slideplayer.com/slide/8936486 / https:// www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/antiserum https:// patents.google.com/patent http:// www.freepatentsonline.com/4279884.html https://www.google.com/search