ANUR 404 NURSING THEORY AND PRACTICE1growth and development.pptx

NURSING THEORY AND PRACTICE 1 FOCUS ON INTRODUCINT THE SERIOUS OF SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE TO NEW STUDENT AS THEIR START.

1. Introduction to Growth and Development Nursing Theory and Practice 1 Year 1 Sem 1 Session 6 Week 3

2. Learning Outcomes Define Growth and Development and other related terms Differentiate between Growth and Development Identify basic principles of growth and development Describe the stages of growth and development according to various theorist Discuss factors that influence growth and development Importance of growth and development to nursing practice

3. Growth It is the process of physical maturation resulting an increase in size of the body It can be measured quantitatively Indicators of growth include height, weight, bone size and dentition Growth rate is rapid during the prenatal, neonatal, infancy and adolescent stages And slows during childhood.

4. Development Is the process of functional and physiological maturation of the individual Is the progressive increase in skill and capacity to function It is related to maturation of the nervous system which includes psychological, emotional and social changes Qualitative aspect Eg : a person develops the ability to roll over, lift it head, sitting up, to walk, talk, run and think

5. Types of development Cognitive: mind development Emotional: feelings Social: interactions and relationships with others Motor Development Type of growth Physical: body growth ( ht , wt , head circumference)

6. 4 Areas of Development

7. Growth and development begins from womb to tomb. HCWs need to be aware of the various stages needs of the individual to provide quality health care. They are independent, interrelated processes Eg : an infant’s muscles , bones and nervous system must grow to a certain point before the infant is able to sit up, walk, or talk. Growth generally takes place during the first 20 years of life; development takes place during that time and also continues after that point

8. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

9. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT GROWTH * narrow term referring only to the physical growth *can be measured in terms of meter, gram etc (quantitative) *does not continue throughout life *describes changes in particular aspects of the body DEVELOPMENT *broader and comprehensive term referring to all aspects of human personality * difficult to measure (qualitative) *continuous and lifelong process *describes changes in the organs as a whole

10. Principles of Growth and Development

11. 1. Caphalocaudal The head region starts growth at first, following by other organs starts developing The child gains control of the head first, then the arms and then the legs In next few months infants are able to lift themselves up by using their arms Gain control over leg and able to crawl, stand, walk, run, jump, climb day by day

12. 2. Proximodistal The directional sequence of development during/both prenatal and postnatal stages The spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body The child’s arms develops before the hands, the hands and feet develops before the fingers and toes Fingers and toe muscle are the last to develop in physical development

13. 3. From Simple to Complex Children use their cognitive and language skills to reason and solve problems Children can able to hold things using single hand then able to pick small objects like pencils etc. Eg : the child must first learn a series of single acts: eye–hand coordination, grasping, hand–mouth coordination, controlled tipping of the cup, and then mouth, lip, and tongue movements to drink and swallow.

14. 4. Orderly or sequential process All humans follow the same pattern of growth and development. Eg : infants stand before they walk, draw circles before they make squares

15. 5. The sequence of each stage is predictable

16. 6. Certain stages of growth and development are more critical than others. Eg : the first 10 to 12 weeks after conception are critical. The incidence of congenital anomalies as a result of exposure to certain viruses, chemicals, or drugs is greater during this stage than others.

17. 7. Influenced by environmental and genetic factor Individuals work with and affect their environment, and in turn the environment works with and affects them. 8. Growth and development is uneven. Growth is greater during infancy than during childhood. Asynchronous (uneven) development is demonstrated by rapid growth of the head during infancy than at puberty.

18. Factors that affect growth and development 1. Genetic potential The genetic inheritance of an individual is established at conception . It remains unchanged throughout life and determines such characteristics as gender, physical characteristics (e.g., eye color, potential height) 2. Temperament It is the way individuals respond to their external and internal environment.

19. 3 . Family The purpose of a family is to provide support and safety for the child. The family is the major constant in a child’s life. Families are involved in their children’s physical and psychological wellbeing and development. Children are socialized through family dynamics. 4. Nutritional status Adequate nutrition is an essential component of growth and development. Eg : poorly nourished children are more likely to have infections than are well-nourished children. In addition, poorly nourished children may not attain their full height potential.

20. Health Illness, injury, or congenital conditions (e.g., congenital cardiac conditions) can affect growth and development. Being hospitalized is stressful for a child and can affect coping mechanisms of the child and family. Prolonged or chronic illness may affect normal developmental processes. Culture Cultural customs can influence a child’s growth and development. Nutritional practices may influence the rate of growth for infants. Child-rearing practices may influence development.

21. Environment living conditions of the child (e.g., homelessness) socioeconomic status (e.g., poor versus financially stable) climate, and community (e.g., provides developmental support versus exposes the child to hazards).

22. Stages of Growth and Development Stage Age Significant Characteristics Nursing Implications Neonatal Birth to 28 days Behavior is largely reflexive and develops to more purposeful behavior. Assist parents to identify and meet unmet needs. Infancy 1 month to 1 year Physical growth is rapid. Control the infant’s environment so that physical and psychological needs are met.

23. Toddlerhood 1 to 3 years Motor development permits increased physical autonomy. Psychosocial skills increase. Safety and risk-taking strategies must be balanced to permit growth. Preschool 3 to 6 years The preschooler’s world is expanding. New experiences and the preschooler’s social role are tried during play. Physical growth is slower. Provide opportunities for play and social activity.

24. School age 6 to 12 years Stage includes the preadolescent period (10 to 12 years). Peer group increasingly influences behavior. Physical, cognitive, and social development increases, and communication skills improve. Allow time and energy for the school-age child to pursue hobbies and school activities. Recognize and support child’s achievement. Adolescence 12 to 20 years Self-concept changes with biologic development. Values are tested. Physical growth accelerates. Stress increases, especially in face of conflicts. Assist adolescents to develop coping behaviors. Help adolescents develop strategies for resolving conflicts.

25. Young adulthood 20 to 40 years A personal lifestyle develops. Person establishes a relationship with a significant other and a commitment to something. Accept adult’s chosen lifestyle and assist with necessary adjustments relating to health. Recognize the person’s commitments. Support change as necessary for health. Middle adulthood 40 to 65 years Lifestyle changes due to other changes; for example, children leave home, occupational goals change. Assist clients to plan for anticipated changes in life, to recognize the risk factors related to health, and to focus on strengths rather than weaknesses. Young Old 65 to 74 years Adaptation to retirement and changing physical abilities is often necessary. Chronic illness may develop Assist clients to keep physically and socially active and to maintain peer group interactions.

26. Middle old 75 to 84 years Adaptation to decline in speed of movement, reaction time, and increasing dependence on others may be necessary. Assist clients to cope with loss (e.g., hearing, sensory abilities and eyesight, death of loved one). Provide necessary safety measures. Old old 85 and over Increasing physical problems may develop. Assist clients with self-care as required, and with maintaining as much independence as possible.

27. Importance of growth and development to nursing practice Knowing what to expect of a particular child at any given age Gaining better understanding of the reasons behind illnesses Helping in formulating the plan of care Educate parents in order to achieve optimal growth and development at each age.

28. Reference Berman, A., Snyder, S.J., Levette -Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., Moxham , L., Park, T., Parker, B., Reid- Searl , K., & Stanley, D. (2015). Kozier and Erb`s Fundamentals of Nursing( 3 rd Australian edition). Pearson Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.