APCM UNIT 5 - AIR POLLUTION MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT.pptx

Gives brief idea about managment of air pollution and acts taken to manage

1. AIR POLLUTION MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT By V. Nikhila Bhavani Assistant Professor Vidya Jyothi Institute of technology

2. SYLLABUS Environmental Guidelines for siting of industries Environmental impact assessment Stack emission Standards Ambient air quality standards Air pollution control act Ambient air quality monitoring Location of stations Duration of Sampling period, SPM sampling, Gaseous Sampling

3. Environmental Guidelines for Siting of Industries Rapid industrialization significantly contributes towards economic growth. However, industrial progress brings along with it as host of environmental problems. Many of these problems could be avoided if industries are located on the basis of environmental considerstions . Injudicious siting of industry can seriously affect the environmental features such as air, water, land, flora and fauna, human settlements and health of people.

4. The industrialist should be fully aware of these implications and he should take necessary steps while setting up the industry so as to minimize the possible adverse effects on the environmental resources and quality of life. Often, an industrialist finds it very costly to instal pollution control equipment and other mitigative measures once the industry is already set up. Thus preventive steps are needed at the time of siting rather than going in for curative measures at a later stage.

5. Presently, industries are being located on the basics of raw material availability, access to the market, transport facilities and such others techno-economic considrations only without adequate attention to environmental considerations which are now recognised as an important criterion for setting up an industry. Depending on the nature and location of the project, the entrepreneur will be required to submit comprehensive environmental impact assessment report and environmental management plans and half-yearly progress report on installation of pollution control devices to the respective state pollution control boards.

6. Environmental Guidelines for Industries Industrial site should maintain the following distances from the areas listed: Ecologically and/or otherwise sensitive area: Atleast 25kms. These areas include religious and historic places, archeological monument such as identified zone around Taj mahal , Scenic areas, hill resorts, beach resorts, health resorts, coastal areas rich in corals, mangroves sanctuaries, natural lakes and swamps, seismic zones, tribal settlements, areas of scientific and geological interest, defence installations, specially those of security importance and sensitive to pollution, international boarder areas and air ports.

7. Depending on the geo-climatic conditions, the minimum distance to be maintained shall have to be increased by the appropriate agency. State and central governments are required to identify such areas on a priority basis. Coastal areas: Atleast ½ km from high tide line Flood plain of the riverine systems: Atleast ½ km from flood plain or modified flood plain affected by dam in the upstream or by flood control systems.

8. Transport/communication system: Atleast ½ km from highway and railway Major settlements (3,00,000 population): Distance frim settlements is difficult to maintain because of urban sprawl. At the time of siting of the industry if any major settlement or notified area is within 50Km, the spatial direction of growth of the settlement for atleast a decade must be assessed and the industry shall be sited atleast 25km from the projected growth boundary of the settlement.

9. Siting Criteria The list of polluting industries required to obtain environmental clearance for siting vide press note dated 10 th december , 1984 issued by the department of industrial development, government of India is given below: Primary mettalurgical processing industries viz. Zinc, lead, copper, aluminium and steel Paper, pulp and newsprint Pesticides/Insecticides Refineries Fertilizers Paints

10. Dyes Leather tanning Rayon Sodium/potassium cyanide Basic drugs Foundry Storage batteries (lead acid type) Acids/ alkalies Elastics Rubber-synthetic Cement Asbestos Fermentation industry Electro-plating industry

11. Environmental factors must be taken into consideration in industrial siting . Proximity of water sources, highways, major settlements, markets for products and raw material resources is desired for economy of production, but the above listed systems must be away fro environmental protection. Industries are, therefore required to be sited, striking a balance economic and envirnmental considerations. In such a selected site, the following factors must be recognized.

12. No forest area shall be converted into non-forest activity for the sustenance of the industry, No prime agricultural land shall be converted into industrial site. Within the acquired site the industry must locate itself at the lowest location to remain obscured from general sight. Land acquired shall be sufficiently large to provide space for appropriate treatment of waste water still left for treatment after maximum possible reuse and recycle. Reclaimed (treated)wastewater shall be used to raise green belt and to create water bodies for aesthetics, recreation and if possible, for aquaculture. The green belt shall be 1/2 km wide around the battery limit of the industry. For industry having odour problem it shall be one kilometer wide.

13. 5. The green beIt between two adjoining large scale industries shall be 1km. 6. Enough Space should be Provided forfor possible reuse, Storage of solid Wastes so that these could be available. 7. Layout and form of the industry must conform to the landscape of the area without affecting the scenic features of that place. 8. Associated township of the industry must be created at a space having physiographic barrier between the industry and the township. 9. Each industry is required to maintain three ambient quality measuring stations with 120 degree angle between stations.

14. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) The purpose of Environmental impact Assessment (EIA) is to identify and evaluate the potential impacts (beneficial and adverse) of development projects on the environmental system. the useful aid of decision making is based on understanding of the environmental implications including social, cultural and aesthetic concerns which could be integrated with the analysis of the project costs and benefits. This exercise should be undertaken early enough in the planning stage of projects for selection of environmentally compatible sites. The projects for which EIA is necessary, include: Those which can significantly alter the landscape, land use pattern and lead to concentration of working and service population. Those which need upstream development activity like assured mineral and forest products supply or downstream industrial process development

15. Those involving manufacture, handling and use of hazardous materials Those which are sited near ecologically sensitive areas, urban centers, hill resorts, places of scientific and religious importance; and Industrial estates with constituent units of various types which could cumulatively cause significant environmental damage. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) should be prepared on the basis of the existing background pollution levels vis -a- vis contributions of pollutants from the proposed plant. The EIA should address to some of the basic factors listed below: Meteorology and air quality: Ambient levels of pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, suspended particulate matter, should be determined at the centre and at 3 other locations on a radius of 10 km with 120 degrees angle between stations. Additional contribution of pollutants at the locations are required to be predicted after taking into account the emission rates of the pollutants from the stacks of the proposed plant, under different meteorological conditions prevailing in the area.

16. (b) Hydrology and water quality (c)Site and its surroundings@ (d) Occupational safety and health (e)Details of the treatment and disposal of effluents (liquid, air and solid) and the methods of alternative uses (f) Transportation of raw material and details of material handling (g) Impact on sensitive targets (h) Control equipment and measures proposed to be adopted

17. Stack emission standards These are related to a stationary source such as a chimney and are intended to help achieve the desired air quality. They include standards for the physical stack height, equipment design, fuel composition. Below tables presents the standards minimum stack height and stack gas emission standards for some industries as framed by central board for prevention and control of water pollution, India in 1984 and 1985.

18. If an industry falls in an area that is sensitive due to its proximity to national parks, forests, historical monuments such as taj mahal, health resorts or if the area is polluted due to rapid urbanization/ industralization , the sate pollution control boards may adopt more stringent standards. However they shall not relax the standards.

19. Permissible process emission standards for specific substances

20. Permissible process emission standards for specific substances

21. Standards for minimum stack height If the height if a stack/chimney is more, the maximum ground level concentration will be less due to an effective dispersion and dilution of pollutants in the atmospheres. The criterion for maximum stack height to be provided is given in below table

22. Ambient Air quality standards The purpose of laying air quality standards is to establish certain maximum limits on parameters of air quality considered desirable for the preservation and enhancement of the quality of air. These standards are designed to protect human health, to prevent injury to plant and animal life, to prevent damage to public and private property, to ensure continued use of natural resources for recreational purposes and to provide opportunities for healthy industrial and agricultural development.

23. The underlying motivation of a study of air pollution is to implement its control and abatement. To be particular, the objective is to control pollutant sources so that ambient pollutant concentrations are reduced to levels considered safe from the standpoint of undesirable effects. Thus, standards define the amount of exposure permitted to the populations or ecological systems and are based on the exposure conditions, the socio-economic situation, the importance of health related problems. Some of the important acts meant for pollution control are as follows

24. Air Pollution Control Acts First Alkali Act(For Industries), 1863 Public health Act ( w.r.t . smoke), 1936 Air pollution control Act(first federal legislation), 1955 Clean Air act, U.S.A, 1963 Ambeded clean air act(for cars), 1965 Air quality act (for ambient air quality), 1967 Ambeded air quality act (emission standards),1970 Water act, 1974 The Air Act, 1981

25. AIR ACT 1981 This is the Act that provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out this purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connect therewith.

26. OBJECTIVES: To provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution. To provide for the establishment of central and State Boards with a view to implement the Act. To confer on the Boards the powers to implement the provisions of the Act and assign to the Boards functions relating to pollution. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 extends to the whole of India.

27. SALIENT FEATURES The Air Act consists of 54 sections that aims to define the terms associated with air pollution and related aspects. Person Whoever contravenes any of the provision of the Act or any order or direction issued is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months or with a fine of Rs. 10,000 or with both, and in case of continuing offence with an additional fine which may extend to Rs 5,000 for every day during which such contravention continues after conviction for the first contravention.

28. FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD The main functions of the Central Board shall be to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country are listed below To advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of the quality of air and the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. To plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. To co-ordinate the activities of the State and resolve disputes among them. To provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of air pollution and prevention, control or abatement of air pollution.

29. FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE BOARD The function of any State Board may be specified that are as follows To plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to secure the execution thereof. To advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. To collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution. To collaborate with the Central Board in organizing the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to organize mass-education programme relating thereto. To inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it may think necessary, assess the quality of air therein and take steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution in such areas.

30. Ambient air quality monitoring The ambient air quality in cities, near industrial establishments, roads etc has to be assessed for knowing the level of air pollution. This is a basic requirement for policy makers, industrial managers, research workers and others to decide various alternatives to be adopted to suit the local conditions. One of the major air pollutants to be considered as primary pollutant is suspended particulate matter(SPM), commonly called as dust.

31. Apart from SPM other hazardous gases like SO X , No x etc., are also present in the ambient air which if present in large concentrations can cause several problems to man, material and vegetation. Assessment of ambient air quality is very important because any future planning of industrial and residential areas can be done carefully based on this assessment knowledge only. The sampling should be carried out long enough and at a rate that allows collection of an analytically measurable and prominently representive sample.

32. High volume air sampler is used to collect particulate matter as well as gaseous pollutants such as NO x , SO X etc. a) location of stations One of the objectives which should be given profound importance in any air sampling exercise is trying to obtain a genuine and representative sample. Hence the site of sampling should be able to meet all the conditions which the particular study demands.

33. The necessary number of sampling stations, and their locations depend on several factors including the objectives of the programme , the size of the study area, the promixity of sources of pollution, topographical feature and weather, and the fact that concentrations of pollutants vary with altitude. For example, the results shown by sampling on the roofs of tall buildings may differ substantially from conditions at ground or breathing level.

34. b) Duration of sampling period Fixing of duration of sampling is one of the important decisions concerning actual sampling procedure. Duration of sampling should be selected in such a way that the information required for each specific problem can be provided. Some of the important factors governing the choice of sampling period are nature of the compound under study and its stability to oxidation, light or other factors such as sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of the analytical method to be used for the measurement of pollutant.

35. Depending upon the extent of surveys, the frequency of sampling is fixed and generally a 24hour sampling period is prescribed to determine the average pollutant concentration. C) SPM Sampling Particulate pollutants in the atmosphere are grouped generally into those that settle out due to the force of gravity and those that remain suspended as aerosols. Large particles of size greater than 10um diameter can be collected using sedimentation techniques, whereas suspended particles of smaller size are collected by more sophisticated techniques like filtration, impringement and electrostatic and thermal precipiation .

36. Out of these high volume filtration method is popular for meaurement of the mass concentration of SPM smaller than 10um. The sampler is universally known as “Hi- Vol ”. A known volume of air is sucked by a high speed blower through a fine filter paper free from defects like pinholes, external damage, particles etc. Such filter paper is folded twice by keeping the rough side facing up and then dried in a hot air oven at (105°C) for about 30min.

37. It is then cooled and weighed. The pre weighed filter paper should be placed in the sampler keeping rough surface upwards, only at the site just before starting the high-volume sampler in order to avoid the deposition of dust and damage during transportation. The sampling is done for 24 hours and during this time over 2000m 3 of air is sucked through the filter.

38. Keeping the rotameter reading constant at 2 LPM the manometer reading is recorded every hour throughout the sampling period. For each manometric reading (H=H1 – H2, in mm of H20) the corresponding flow rate in m 3 /min is found out from the calibration curve supplied by the equipment manufacturer and the average flow-rate is found. The filter paper after sampling is removed gently and transferred carefully to the laboratory. Final weight is taken after drying at 105°C for half an hour.

39. d) Gaseous sampling There are several methods available for collection of gaseous air pollutants such as SO 2 , NO X from ambient air. The most common methods are grab sampling and adsorption in liquid. Absorption seperates the desired pollutants from air either through solubility in the absorbing media or by chemical reaction. Many different types of collectors are available for high degree of gas liquid contact.

40. Mostly, the midget impringer is used as the collector in which the gas stream impinges at a high velocity onto a flat surface providing good contact between gas and liquid. The absorbing solutions used for SO 2 and NO X are H 2 O 2 (3%) and NaOH (4 g/lit) respectivley . These solutions are bubbled at a rate of 2LPM for 4hrs. These solutions, after sampling are taken to laboratory for analysis