APPLAI ethnolinguistic group AND BAGOBO ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines.pptx

indigenous groups in the Philippines

1. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

2. Applai (Northern/Southern)

3. The Kankanaey domain includes Western Mountain Province, northern Benguet and southeastern Ilocos Sur. Like most Igorot ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordilleras. the Kankanaey along with the Atayal people of Taiwan, were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita people and modern Polynesians.They might even reflect a better genetic match to the original Austronesian mariners than the aboriginal Taiwanese, as the latter were influenced by more recent migrations to Taiwan, whereas the Kankanaey are thought to have remained an isolated relict population. Applai (Northern/Southern)

4. The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao , western Mountain province, and constitute a linguistic group. H. Otley Beyer believed they originated from a migrating group from Asia who landed on the coasts of Pangasinan before moving to Cordillera. Beyer's theory has since been discredited, and Felix Keesing speculated the people were simply evading the Spanish. Their smallest social unit is the sinba-ey , which includes the father, mother, and children.

5. The sinba-eys make up the dap-ay/ ebgan which is the ward. Their society is divided into two classes: the kadangyan (rich), who are the leaders and who inherit their power through lineage or intermarriage, and the kado (poor). They practice bilateral kinship

6. The courtship and marriage process of the Northern Kankana-eys starts with the man visiting the woman of his choice and singing (day- eng ), or serenading her using an awiding . If the parents agree to their marriage, they exchange work for a day the man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his sincerity, the woman works on the man’s father’s field with a female friend. They then undergo the preliminary marriage ritual ( pasya ) and exchange food. Then comes the marriage celebration itself . The married couple cannot separate once a child is born, and adultery is forbidden in their society as it is believed to bring misfortune and illness upon the adulterer Tradition

7. the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture (usually on terraces), camote/sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn/swidden farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage industry. They have a simple political life, with the Dap-ay/ abong being the center of all political, religious, and socials activities, with each dap-ay experiencing a certain degree of autonomy. The council of elders, known as the Amam -a, are a group of old, married men expert in custom law and lead in the decision-making for the village. They worship ancestors (anitos) and nature spirits Culture

8. Religion

9. Lumawig : the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life Bugan : married to Lumawig Bangan : the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig Obban : the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig Kabigat : one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits Balitok : one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits Religion

10. Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits Timugan : two brothers who took their sankah ( handspades ) and kayabang (baskets) and dug a hole into the lower world, Aduongan ; interrupted by the deity Masaken ; one of the two agreed to marry one of Masaken's daughters, but they both went back to earth when the found that the people of Aduongan were cannibals] Masaken : ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers] Religion

11. The Northern Kankana-eys believe in many supernatural beliefs and omens, and in gods and spirits like the anito (soul of the dead) and nature spirits. Beliefs Language Mangan - To eat Dagom - Needle Ngadan - Name Na emas - sweet, tasty Anya - what Ibaga - to say

12. Tattoos were symbols of tribal identity and kinship, as well as bravery, beauty, and social or wealth status. Most tattoos for men were for important achievements like success in warfare and headhunting, while tattoos in women were primarily enhancements to beauty Tattoo

13. The Southern Kankanaey are one of the ethnolinguistic groups in the Cordillera. They live in the mountainous regions of Mountain Province and Benguet, more specifically in the municipalities of Tadian , Bauko , Sabangan , Bakun , Kibungan and Mankayan . Their society is divided into two social classes based primarily on the ownership of land: The rich ( baknang ) and the poor ( abiteg or kodo ).

14. The baknang are the primary landowners to whom the abiteg render their services to. The Mankayan Kankana-eys , however, has no clear distinction between the baknang and the abiteg and all have equal access to resources such as the copper and gold mines

15. The Southern Kankana-eys have a long process for courtship and marriage which starts when the man makes his intentions of marrying the woman known to her. Next is the sabangan , when the couple makes their wish to marry known to their family. The man offers firewood to the father of the woman, while the woman offers firewood to the man’s father. The parents then talk about the terms of the marriage, including the bride price to be paid by the man’s family. On the day of the marriage, the relatives of both parties offer gifts to the couple, and a pig is butchered to have its bile inspected for omens which would show if they should go on with the wedding. The wedding day for the Southern Kankana-eys is an occasion for merrymaking and usually lasts until the next day. Though married, the bride and groom are not allowed to consummate their marriage and must remain separated until such a time that they move to their own separate home. Tradition

16. Southern Kankana-eys are economically involved in hunting and foraging (their chief livelihood), wet rice and swidden farming, fishing, animal domestication, trade, mining, weaving and pottery in their day-to-day activities to meet their needs. The leadership structure is largely based on land ownership, thus the more well-off control the community's resources. The village elders ( lallakay / dakay or amam -a) who act as arbiters and jurors have the duty to settlements between conflicting members of the community, facilitate discussion among the villagers concerning the welfare of the community and lead in the observance of rituals. They also practice trial by ordeal. Native priests ( mansip -ok, manbunong , and mankotom ) supervise rituals, read omens, heal the sick, and remember genealogies Culture

17. He Southern Kankana-eys do not worship idols and images. The carved images in their homes only serve decorative purposes. They believe in the existence of deities, the highest among which is Adikaila of the Skyworld whom they believe created all things. Next in the hierarchy is the Kabunyan , who are the gods and goddesses of the Skyworld , including their teachers Lumawig and Kabigat . They also believe in the spirits of ancestors (ap-apo or kakkading ), and the earth spirits they call anito. They are very superstitious and believe that performing rituals and ceremonies help deter misfortunes and calamities. Some of these rituals are pedit (to bring good luck to newlyweds), pasang (cure sterility and sleeping sickness, particularly drowsiness) and pakde (cleanse community from death-causing evil spirits) Beliefs

18. Bagobo

19. The Bagobo constitute one of the largest groups among the indigenous peoples of southern Mindanao. Bagobo are the predominant inhabitants of the vast areas extending from the west coast of Davao Gulf to the high reaches of Davao's famous and significant mountain ranges of Mt. Apo or Apo Sandawa to the tribal people.

20. The Bagobo live in houses scattered near swidden fields, linked by kinship under powerful regional datus ; the datu of Sibulan is a unifying authority. Datu houses are huge and serve as ceremonial defense centers. Maganis , or strong men, control specific domains. The Bagobo are considered the most colorful people of the Philippines, heavily embroidering their abaca clothing with beads and stitchwork.

21. They also produce fine metal craft, working in brass, bronze, and iron, and are known for their betel boxes. The constant jingling of innumerable tiny brass bells attached to the clothing is a Bagobo trademark.

22. The Bagobo believes in a mighty company of superior beings who exercise great control over the lives of men. Above all is Eugpamolak Manobo, also called Manama, who was the first cause and creator of all. Serving him is a vast number of spirits not malevolently inclined but capable of exacting punishment unless proper offerings and other tokens of respect are accorded them.

23. Below them is a horde of low, mean spirits who delight to annoy mankind with mischievous pranks, or even to bring sickness and disaster to them. To this class generally belong the spirits who inhabit mountains, cliffs, rooks, trees, rivers, and springs. Standing between these two types are the shades of the dead who, after they have departed from this life, continue to exercise considerable influence, for good or bad, over the living.

24. The Bagobo language can refer to either of the following Austronesian languages spoken in Mindanao, Philippines: Giangan language, also referred to as Bagobo. Tagabawa language, also referred to as Bagobo. Language Abô - So that. Bale - House agad ánda - Wherever they go. Maripà - dirty Balat - Brown (the color of earth). Lumo - work, job