Application of Nanoparticles

A small account on various application of nanoparticles in various fields such as medical, engineering purposes, energy harvesting, etc.

1. APPLIATION OF LAYERED AND NON-LAYERED NANO PARTICLE S

2. WHAT IS NANOPARTICLES ??? Nanoparticles (NPs ) are wide class of materials that include particulate substances, which have one dimension less than 100 nm at least. “Nano” – derived from Greek word “Nanos” meaning dwarf/small. WHY SMALL IS GOOD ? Nano objects are lighter, can get into small spaces, cheaper, more energy efficient, different properties at small scale.

3. Types of NP. Carbon-based NPs Ceramic-based NPs Metal NPs Semiconductor NPs Polymeric NPs

4. LAYERED NANOPARTICLES 1

5. Common materials are 3-Dimensional, atoms that make up their structure are arranged in regular crystalline patterns, filling space. However there also exist where the atoms are arranged in flat layers, which are then stacked upon top of each other like sheets of paper to form Layered Nanoparticles . 5

6. NON-LAYERED NANOPARTICLES 2

7. 2D nanoparticles are considered to be the thinnest nanomaterials . Although the ideal state is a single layer, but often these nanosheets are composed of few layers (less than 10). These are considered as Non-layered nanoparticles. 7

8. EXAMPLES OF NANOMATERIALS Other forms :- Transition metal dichalcogenides Transition metal oxides Other 2D compounds like BN, Bi 2 Te 3 and Bi 2 Se 3 Naturally occuring, most common:- Graphite Graphene Clay Layered hydroxides

9. APPLIATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES 3

10. DRUGS AND MEDICATION A bility to deliver drugs in the optimum dosage range often resulting in increased therapeutic efficiency of the drugs, weakened side effects and improved patient compliance. S election of NPs for achieving efficient contrast for biological and cell imaging applications as well as for photo thermal therapeutic applications is based on the optical properties of NPs.

11. H ydrophilic NPs as drug carrier. PLA and Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) most promising system for intravenous administration of drugs. NPs with high magnetization value, a size smaller than 100 nm and a narrow particle size distribution ---- MRI contrast enhancement, tissue repair, and immunoassay, detoxification of biological fluids hyperthermia, drugs delivery and cell separation . eg :- Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs

12. B iodegradable NPs as effective drug delivery devices. Eg :-Liposomes ability to protect drugs from degradation, target to the site of action and reduce the noxiousness and other side effects. Developmental work on liposome drugs has been restricted due to rapid water leakage in the commodity of blood components and very poor storage, and stability . NPs help to increase the ratability of drugs or problems and possess convenient controlled drug release properties

13. S emiconductor and metallic NPs have immense potential for cancer diagnosis and therapy on account of their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enhanced light scattering and absorption . Gold NPs efficiently convert the strong absorbed light into localized heat which can be exploited for the selective laser photo thermal therapy of cancer T he antineoplastic effect of NPs is also effectively employed to inhibit the tumor growth . The Metallofullernol ([Gd@C 82 (OH) 22 ]n) NPs showed antineoplastic activity with good efficiency and lower toxicity.

14. Silver NPs are being used increasingly in wound dressings, catheters and various households’ products due to their antimicrobial activity. A ntimicrobial characteristics of inorganic NPs are extremely vital in textile, medicine, water disinfection and food packaging . O rganic NPs are relatively toxic to the biological systems.

15. P roperties deviate from respective bulk material in a size dependent manner -- induce unique electrical, mechanical, optical and imaging properties. E xtremely looked-for in certain manufacturing og materials for the applications within the medical, commercial, and ecological sectors. M icroelectronics , Aerospace, Pharmaceutical industries, F ood processing and Packing . MANUFACTURING & MATERIALS

16. Resonant energy transfer (RET) system consisting of organic dye molecules and noble metals NPs have recently gamed considerable interest in bio photonics . The unique plasmon absorbance features of these noble metals NPs have been exploited for manufacturing of wide variety of applications including chemical sensors and biosensors .

17. Excellent young modulus, stress and strain properties ---many applications in mechanical industries especially in coating, lubricants and adhesive applications . E mbedding NPs in the metal and polymer matrix to increase their mechanical strengths. NPs offer good sliding and delamination properties , which could also effect in low friction and wear , and hence increase lubrication effect .

18. Alumina, Titanium and C arbon based NPs successfully demonstrated to get the desirable mechanical properties in coatings. NPs --- applications in the textile industry, can be added to or used to treat fabric surfaces --- results in enhanced ballistic protection properties, and reduced wrinkling and bacterial growth.

19. Nanomaterials are emerging to allow washable, resilient “smart fabrics” that are incorporated with nanoscale sensors and electronic components allowing functions such as health tracking, solar energy capture and energy harvesting by movement.

20. E ngineering material applications can increase the concentration of NPs in groundwater and soil which presents the most significant exposure avenues for assessing environmental risks. Due to high surface to mass ratio natural NPs play an important role in the solid/water partitioning of contaminants can be absorbed to the surface of NPs, co-precipitated during the formation of natural NPs or trapped by aggregation of NPs which had contaminants adsorbed to their surface . ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

21. Most of environmental applications of nanotechnology fall into three categories: Environmentally benign sustainable products (e.g. green chemistry or pollution prevention). Remediation of materials contaminated with hazardous substances and Sensors for environmental stages Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs are an effective sorbent material for removal of heavy metals such as mercury, lead, thallium, cadmium and arsenic from natural water.

22. G old NPs are mostly used for biosensor application due to their biocompatibility, their optical and electronic properties, and their relatively simple production and modification. Other important NPs used in biosensor applications are :- Quantum Dots ( mostly based on Cadmium Chalcogenides) Magnetic NPs ( mostly Iron Oxide ) Carbon Nanostructures ( mostly Carbon Nano Tubes )

23. Nanotechnology has greatly contributed to major advances in computing and electronics , leading to faster, smaller, and more portable systems that can manage and store larger and larger amounts of information . These continuously evolving applications include : Transistors Magnetic RAMs based on nanoscale magnetic tunnel junction. ELECTRONICS

24. UHD displays and television screens based on Quantum Dots --- produce more vibrant colors and energy efficient . NPs like graphene and cellulosic NP s are being used for various types of flexible electronics. Other applications include ultra-responsive hearing aids ; antimicrobial/antibacterial coatings on keyboards and cell phone casings; conductive inks for printed electronics for RFID/smart cards/smart packaging; and flexible displays for e-book readers .

25. L imitations and scarcity of fossil fuels in coming years due to their nonrenewable nature --- to generate renewable energies from easily available resources at cheap cost . NPs are the best candidate for this purpose due to their, large surface area, optical behavior and catalytic nature . Especially in photocatalytic applications , NPs are widely used to generate energy from photo-electrochemical (PEC) and electrochemical water splitting ENERGY HARVESTING

26. Beside water splitting, electrochemical CO 2 reduction to fuels precursors , solar cells and piezoelectric generators also offered advance options to generate energy. Nano-generators are created, which can convert the mechanical energy into electricity using piezoelectric , which is an unconventional approach to generate energy. NPs also use in energy storage applications to reserve the energy into different forms at nanoscale level

27. A:- Piezo-electrics Actuators To convert control signal to mechanical motion. B:- Water Splitting C:- CO 2 Reduction

28. Solar Panels :- NPs can be used to make solar panels more energy-efficient , which promises to offer cheaper energy production .   Less expensive to produce and install since they can be manufactured in flexible rolls and use manufacturing techniques.

29. Nanoparticles are finding increasing applications in the oil and gas industry Drilling Fluids:- A drilling fluid is a viscous mixture used to aid the drilling of boreholes. They have various functions such as removing cuttings, forcing, maintaining bore stability regulating forming pressure, etc . PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES

30. There is need to improve drilling fluids, such as their rheology and filtration properties. NPs have found considerable attention for their potential benefits as additives in drilling fluids. Aluminum , Copper and Magnesium O xide NPs greatly enhanced the rheological properties of drilling fluid. Such nanoparticles offer good potential for bore hole cleaning . Iron oxide NPs were employed to improve the performance of a xanthan gum drilling fluid

31. NPs are generally employed to improve the tertiary oil recovery techniques such as chemical, gas and thermal injection. Various nanoparticles have been used to for these applications including: aluminum oxide for reduced oil viscosity. silicon dioxide for improved foam stability and mobility. graphene oxide for improved oil recovery.

32. Submitted By:- Lakshmi Narayan R M. Sc Biopolymer Science Roll No: 13