Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques in Watershed Management

Topic - Application of Remote Sensing
& GIS Techniques in Watershed Management

1. SOL- 512 Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Soil and Crop Studies (Batch: 2023) Submitted by: Ajeet Jakhad Ph.D. Scholar Registration number: 12327430 Submitted to: Dr. Princy Thakur (Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, LPU)

2. Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques in Watershed Management

3. Watershed

4. What is a Watershed ? Source - https://snohomishcd.org/whats-a-watershed (IMAGE CREDIT. A. VICENTE, U.S. FOREST SERVICE.)

5. Classification of Watershed Type Size ( Hectare ) Mini watershed 1-100 Micro watershed 100-1000 Milli-watershed 1000-10,000 Sub-watershed 10,000-50,000 Macro watershed > 50,000 Source - https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_majorareas_watershed_watershedmgt.html

6. Problems in Watershed

7. ( Source - Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 4048-4067; doi:10.3390/rs70404048) (a) (b) Case study : Mbow et al conducted a study on Land degradation in Sahel, Africa by using Rapid Eye sensor and matched satellite image with ground image. Water erosion with gullies Red colour – Loss of woody vegetation caused by poor management and climatic changes induces wind/water. Bright yellow - Erosion of fertile topsoil.

8. Watershed Management and Role of Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques in Watershed Management

9. Watershed Management Watershed management is a term used to describe the process of implementing land use practices and water management practices to protect and improve the quality of the water and other natural resources within a watershed by managing the use of those land and water resources in a comprehensive manner. Watershed based management is the most effective way to enhance water quality and natural resources , protect aquatic habitat , prevent soil erosion .

10. Objectives of Watershed Management Watershed management implies the proper use of all land and water resources of a watershed for optimum production with minimum hazard to natural resources with the objectives:

11. Role of Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques Due to synoptic coverage, entire watershed can be mapped for various geo-spatial databases using remote sensing data and GIS. These database can be used to perform land use/land cover mapping and change detection , runoff estimation , soil erosion study , site suitability analysis for rainwater harvesting etc. using GIS techniques. Further, due to availability of high spatial resolution satellite data like IRS P6 , IKONOS , CARTOSAT can be used to accurately map land use/land cover classification & location of soil and water conservation structures . Using DEM (Digital Elevation Model), slope , aspect , flow direction , flow accumulation and flow length maps can be derived, which can be integrated into the other geo-spatial databases to derive suitable sites for various watershed conservation measures.

12. Multispectral Satellites used for Management of Watershed Remote sensing satellites Spatial resolution Spectral bands Landsat 8 30 m 11 SPOT 5 20 m 5 ASTER 15-90 m 15 MODIS 250-1000 m 36 Quick Bird 3.2 m 4 IRS – P6 AWiFS LISS-3 56 m 23.5 m 4 4 IRS- Resourcesat LISS-4 5.8 m 3 Cartosat 1 & 2 2.0 m (PAN) 1 (PAN) Source - IIRS Lecture, Geospatial Modelling for Watershed management https://youtu.be/_r_3-2nD-Pk?si=t_FDTHxrHlhc07aJ * PAN – Panchromatic data, ASTER- Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer

13. Choice of Satellite/Sensor on the bases of Watershed Level Satellite/Sensor Spatial Resolution Category of Watershed WiFS 180 m Sub-Watershed LISS-2 36.5 m Mini-Watershed LISS-3 23.5 m Mini-Watershed IKONOS XS 4 m Micro-Watershed Cartosat-1 2.5 m Micro-Watershed Cartosat-2 1 m Micro-Watershed Source - IIRS Lecture, Geospatial Modelling for Watershed management https://youtu.be/_r_3-2nD-Pk?si=t_FDTHxrHlhc07aJ *LISS- linear imaging self-scanning sensor * WiFS -Wide-Field Sensor

14. Watershed Management using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques Remote Sensing techniques is applied for- (Step) Delineation of watershed area Watershed characterization Soil erosion intensity mapping and identification of erosion prone areas Land use/Land cover mapping Drainage pattern mapping Climate Selection of sites for the rainwater harvesting

15. Step 1. Delineation of Watershed Area Study area- Uttarakhand (Tehri-Garhwal), India Used data- IRS- P6, LISS-IV sensor, Ortho-image and DEM of Cartosat-1 satellite Watershed Delineation in hilly region using satellite data Source – Kumar, A., Bhardwaj, A., Kumar, P., & Padaliya , H. (2017). Delineation of Micro-Watershed using Geo-Spatial Techniques”. Suresh Gyan Vihar University International Journal of Environment, Science and Technology , 3, 14-34. → Process of identifying the boundary of watershed – Delineation

16. Step 2. Watershed Characterization Size Shape Slope Drainage Geology Soils Climate Land use Ground water

17. Step 3. Soil Erosion intensity mapping and identification of erosion prone areas Remote sensing data utilized for the mapping of soil erosion by visual image interpretation methods and erosion can be seen in the form of : SLIGHT EROSION : Splash/ Very thin sheet MODERATE EROSION : Sheet erosion SEVERE EROSION : Rill erosion VERY SEVERE EROSION : Gully erosion. Rill and Gully erosion can be seen on high resolution satellite data

18. Case Study : Study has been done on Soil loss map of Himachal Pradesh ( Source : GS Sidhu and RP Yadav - Conservation Agriculture, 2016-Springer)

19. Step 4. Land use/Land cover mapping Study area – Arani and Koratalai river, Southern India Satellite - IRS-1D Sensor - LISS-3 Year - April, 2006 (Preparation of land use or land cover map to know the various uses of the land in that particular area) ( Source : Suganthi et al Earth Sci. Res. J. vol.17 no.2 Bogotá July/Dec. 2013)

20. Step 5. Drainage pattern mapping Study area- Palamu district, Jharkhand State, India Drainage map was Prepared (SURVEY OF INDIA TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP) using ( AWiFS ) Advanced Wide Field Sensor, LISS-4 and LANDSAT image. Source - Shekhar et al . (2014), Geocarto International, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2014.894584

21. Step 6. Climate data (Rainfall) Study area- Palamu district, Jharkhand State, India Rainfall data 15 year (1986-2000) Sensor - LISS-4, AWiFS Source - Shekhar et al . (2014), Geocarto International, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2014.894584

22. Step 7. Selection of Sites Case Study: Khudhair et al (2020 ) listed a set of parameters which need to be analysed to fix appropriate locations for the water harvesting structures: Runoff information Soil type information Suitable zones Slope information Drainage density

23. Source - M A Khudhair et al 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 881 012170

24. Changes due to the application of watershed conservation

25. Conclusion

26. References https://snohomishcd.org/whats-a-watershed (IMAGE CREDIT. A. VICENTE, U.S. FOREST SERVICE.) https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_majorareas_watershed_watershedmgt.html Mbow , C., Brandt, M., Ouedraogo , I., De Leeuw, J., & Marshall, M. (2015). What four decades of earth observation tell us about land degradation in the Sahel?. Remote Sensing, 7(4), 4048-4067. https://youtu.be/_r_3-2nD-Pk?si=t_FDTHxrHlhc07aJ Shekhar, S., & Pandey, A. C. (2015). Delineation of groundwater potential zone in hard rock terrain of India using remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques. Geocarto International, 30(4), 402-421. Suganthi , S., Elango, L., & Subramanian, S. K. (2013). Groundwater potential zonation by Remote Sensing and GIS techniques and its relation to the Groundwater level in the Coastal part of the Arani and Koratalai River Basin, Southern India. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 17(2), 87-95. Khudhair , M. A., Sayl , K. N., & Darama , Y. (2020, July). Locating site selection for rainwater harvesting structure using remote sensing and GIS. In IOP Conference series: Materials science and engineering (Vol. 881, No. 1, p. 012170). IOP Publishing.

27. Thank you 