Applications of ICT- Lecture#10 (LAN Technologies).pptx

Lecture Overview:

This comprehensive lecture on Local Area Network (LAN) technologies provides students with a detailed understanding of the concepts, components, and applications of LAN. As a fundamental component of modern computer networks, LAN plays a crucial role in enabling efficient and secure communication between devices. By the end of this lecture, students will be equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to design, implement, and manage LANs in various contexts.

Introduction to LAN:

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that connects devices within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office building, or campus. LANs are widely used in various settings, including businesses, educational institutions, and government organizations, to facilitate communication, collaboration, and resource sharing.

Types of LAN Technologies:

This lecture covers various types of LAN technologies, including:

- *Ethernet*:
A widely used LAN technology that operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) to manage access to the shared communication medium.
- *Fast Ethernet*: An upgraded version of Ethernet that supports speeds of up to 100 Mbps.
- *Gigabit Ethernet*: A high-speed version of Ethernet that supports speeds of up to 1 Gbps.
- *10-Gigabit Ethernet*: A high-speed version of Ethernet that supports speeds of up to 10 Gbps.

Key Components of LAN
The lecture also explores the key components of a LAN, including:

- *Devices*: Computers, servers, printers, and other peripherals that connect to the LAN.
- *Networking Devices*: Routers, switches, hubs, and access points that facilitate communication between devices.
- *Transmission Media*: Cables (twisted pair, fiber optic) and wireless connections that transmit data between devices.

Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN
The advantages of LAN include:

- *High-speed data transfer*: LANs enable fast and efficient data transfer between devices.
- *Reliability*: LANs are generally more reliable than other types of networks, with fewer errors and disruptions.
- *Security*: LANs provide a secure environment for data transmission, with built-in security features and protocols.

However, LANs also have some disadvantages, including:

- *Distance limitations*: LANs are limited in terms of distance, making them less suitable for large-scale networks.
- *Bandwidth sharing*: LANs require devices to share bandwidth, which can lead to congestion and reduced performance.
- *Security vulnerabilities*: While LANs provide some security features, they can still be vulnerable to security threats and attacks.

Applications of LAN
LANs have various applications in different contexts, including:

- *Businesses*: LANs enable employees to share resources, collaborate on projects, and communicate effectively.
Here is the additional line:

Key Takeaway
By mastering LAN technologies, students can gain a com

1. Computer Networks Lecture # 10 LAN Technologies Prof. Ayeza Mubeen

2. LAN Technology Options Ethernet FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI) Token Ring

3. Our Focus is Ethernet History Developed by Bob Metcalfe and others at Xerox PARC in mid-1970s Roots in Aloha packet -radio network Standardized by Xerox, DEC, and Intel in 1978 LAN standards define MAC and physical layer connectivity IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD - Ethernet) standard – originally 2Mbps IEEE 802.3u standard for 100Mbps Ethernet IEEE 802.3z standard for 1,000Mbps Ethernet ethernet

4. Ethernet Standard Defines Physical Layer Metcalfe’s original Ethernet Sketch 802.3 standard defines both MAC and physical layer details

5. Ethernet 10 Base 5 (Thicknet) (Bus Topology) 10 Base 2 (Thinnet) (Bus Topology) 10 Base T (UTP) (Star/Tree Topology) 10 Base FL (Fiber) (Star/Tree Topology) ethernet

6. Ethernet Technologies: 10Base2 10: 10Mbps; 2: under 185 (~200) meters cable length Thin coaxial cable in a bus topology Repeaters used to connect multiple segments Repeater repeats bits it hears on one interface to its other interfaces: physical layer device only!

7. 10BaseT and 100BaseT 10/100 Mbps rate T stands for Twisted Pair Hub(s) connected by twisted pair facilitate “star topology” Distance of any node to hub must be < 100M

8. Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps bandwidth Uses same CSMA/CD media access protocol and packet format as in Ethernet. 100BaseTX (UTP) and 100BaseFX (Fiber) standards Physical media :- 100 BaseTX - UTP Cat 5e 100 BaseFX - Multimode / Singlemode Fiber Full Duplex/Half Duplex operations. Provision for Auto-Negotiation of media speed: 10 Mbps or 100Mbps (popularly available for copper media only). Maximum Segment Length 100 Base TX - 100 m 100 Base FX - 2 Km (Multimode Fiber) 100 Base FX - 20 km ( Singlemode Fiber)

9. Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbps bandwidth . Uses same CSMA/CD media access protocol as in Ethernet and is backward compatible (10/100/100 modules are available ). 1000BaseT (UTP), 1000BaseSX (Multimode Fiber ) and 1000BaseLX (Multimode/ Singlemode Fiber ) standards. Maximum Segment Length 1000 Base T - 100m (Cat 5e/6) 1000 Base SX - 275 m (Multimode Fiber ) 1000 Base LX - 512 m (Multimode Fiber ) 1000 Base LX - 20 Km ( Singlemode Fiber ) 1000 Base LH - 80 Km ( Singlemode Fiber Gigabit Ethernet

10. 10 Gig Ethernet 10 Gbps bandwidth. Uses same CSMA/CD media access protocol as in Ethernet. Propositioned for Metro-Ethernet Maximum Segment Length 1000 Base-T - Not available 10GBase-LR - 10 Km (Singlemode Fiber) 10GBase-ER - 40 Km (Singlemode Fiber)

11. IEEE 802.5 and Token Ring Proposed in 1969 and initially referred to as a Newhall ring. Token ring : a number of stations connected by transmission links in a ring topology. Information flows in one direction along the ring from source to destination and back to source. Medium access control is provided by a small frame, the token, that circulates around the ring when all stations are idle. Only the station possessing the token is allowed to transmit at any given time. IEEE 802.5 and Token Ring

12. Token Ring Operation When a station wishes to transmit, it must wait for token to pass by and seize the token. One approach: change one bit in token which transforms it into a “start-of-frame sequence” and appends frame for transmission. Second approach: station claims token by removing it from the ring. Frame circles the ring and is removed by the transmitting station. Each station interrogates passing frame, if destined for station, it copies the frame into local buffer. {Normally, there is a one bit delay as the frame passes through a station.}

13. Token Ring Network with star topology

14. IEEE 802.5 Token Ring 4 and 16 Mbps using twisted-pair cabling with differential Manchester line encoding. Maximum number of stations is 250. Waits for last byte of frame to arrive before reinserting token on ring {new token after received} . 8 priority levels provided via two 3-bit fields (priority and reservation) in data and token frames. Permits 16-bit and 48-bit addresses (same as 802.3).

15. Token Ring Under light load – delay is added due to waiting for the token. Under heavy load – ring is “round-robin” The ring must be long enough to hold the complete token. Advantages – fair access Disadvantages – ring is single point of failure, added issues due to token maintenance Token Ring

16. FDDI Token Ring Networks: Token Ring and FDDI A E D C B

17. FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI) PROJECT INITIATED IN OCTOBER 1982 BY JAMES HAMSTRA AT SPERRY (NOW UNISYS) TWO PROPOSALS FOR MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) & PHYSICAL (PHY) LAYERS SUBMITTED IN JUNE 1983 FDDI MAC BECAME AN ANSI STANDARD IN LATE 1986 FDDI PHY WON ANSI STANDARDIZATION IN 1988 FDDI - II PROPOSAL WAS MADE IN EARLY 1986 FIRST PUBLIC DEMONSTRATIONS AT ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES (AMD) IN 1989

18. FDDI BASIC PRINCIPLE TOKEN RING NETWORK LIKE IEEE 802.5 TOKEN: A SPECIAL SEQUENCE OF BITS TOKEN CIRCULATES AROUND THE RING A STATION REMOVES THE TOKEN FROM RING BEFORE TRANSMISSION AFTER TRANSMISSION, THE STATION RETURNS THE TOKEN TO THE RING COLLISIONS ARE PREVENTED AS THERE IS ONLY ONE TOKEN IN THE RING

19. FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI)

20. FDDI ARCHITECTURAL MODEL ACCORDING TO THE OSI-RM, FDDI SPECIFIES LAYER 1 (PHYSICAL LAYER) AND PART OF LAYER 2 (DATA LINK CONTROL LAYER) THE PHYSICAL LAYER HANDLES THE TRANSMISSION OF RAW BITS OVER A COMMUNICATIONS LINK THE DATA LINK CONTROL (DLC) LAYER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE INTEGRITY OF INFORMATION EXCHANGED BETWEEN TWO POINTS

21. FDDI - II SAME FEATURES AS BASIC FDDI (FDDI - I), INCLUDING MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MODES, 100 MBPS DATA TRANSFER BIT RATE, AND THE DUAL RING DEFINES THE PHYSICAL LAYER AND THE LOWER HALF OF THE DATA LINK LAYER SIMILAR TO FDDI-I FDDI-I SUPPORTS ONLY PACKET MODE (SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS) TRAFFIC, FDDI-II SUPPORTS BOTH PACKET DATA AS WELL AS ISOCHRONOUS DATA TRAFFIC (IN FDDI ISOCHRONOUS INDICATES A CLASS OF TRAFFIC FOR VOICE AND VIDEO THE SIMULTANEOUS SUPPORT OF BOTH PACKET AND ISOCHRONOUS TRAFFIC IS CALLED THE HYBRID MODE OF OPERATION

22. A FDDI BACKBONE NETWORK EXAMPLE

23. FEATURES FDDI ETHERNET TOKEN RING TRANSMISSION RATE 125 MBAUD 20 MBAUD 8 & 32 MBAUD DATA RATE 100 MBPS 10 MBPS 4 & 16 MBPS SIGNAL ENCODING 4B/5B (80% EFFICIENT) MANCHESTER (50% EFFICIENT) DIFFERENTIAL MANCHESTER (50% EFFICIENT) MAXIMUM COVERAGE 100 KM 2.5 KM CONFIGURATION DEPENDENT MAXIMUM NODES 500 1024 250 MAXIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN NODES 2 KM (MULTIMODE FIBER) 40 KM (SINGLE-MODE FIBER) 2.5 KM 300 M (RECOMMENDED 100 M) COMPARISON WITH OTHER NETWORKS

24. Any Question?