Applications of lanthanids (rare earth)

The lanthanide series of chemical elements consist of the fifteen metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These fifteen lanthanide elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements.

1. Applications of lanthanides

2. Group no…… Members of the group: Nadia……………………….07 Farrah ………………………50 Shaherbano……………….58 Komal …………………………59 Javeria …………………………81 Maryam ………………………82 Aysha ………………………….83 Saher …………………………..85 Aysha narmeen ……………86

3. Contents Introduction to lanthanide series Applications in glass polishing and ceramics Radio active behavior and applications Catalytic application of lanthanides Applications in electronic industry Applications in medical field Applications in petroleum industry Magnetic behavior and applications In life science phosphors

4. Introduction to lanthanide series The  lanthanide   or  lanthanoid   series of chemical elements comprises the fifteen metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium.  These fifteen lanthanide elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the  rare earth elements. The informal chemical symbol  Ln  is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide. All but one of the lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell; lutetium, a d-block element, is also generally considered to be a lanthanide due to its chemical similarities with the other fourteen. All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations , Ln 3+ , whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily from lanthanum to lutetium.

5. Glass polishing and ceramics industry Used in the production of optical lenses: Some oxides of lanthanides are used in the producn High quality optical lenses that are used in different areas of research and daily life . Praseodymium is used in premium quality optical products such as mirrors and lenses . In colouring of glass: Europium and yttrium oxides to produce the red colors on television screens. Neodymium is used not only to impart color to glass but also to decolorize the glass. When added to glass used as welders goggles, Neodymium and praseodymium absorb the eye damaging radiations from welding.

6. Use in the production of UV resistance glass: Praseodymium is an element that is sued in the Production of UV resistance glass which is used For night were goggles and those glass which place In direct contect with sun light. To impart strength , inertness, and hardness : They have been used to impart hardness, inertness and strength to structural Material such as glass windows and glass doors. To increase the refractive index : Lanthanum oxide is introduced into silicate, borate, and borosilicate glasses to increase the refractive index, these oxides of Cerium, neodymium, Europium Erbium.

7. Nuclear industry The lanthanides have a variety of nuclear application Used as beta source Cerium-147 is an element that is used as beta source in Different  to treat health conditions such as eye and bone cancer and are also used as tracers. Beta particles are also used in quality control to test the thickness of an item, such as paper, coming through a system of rollers. Some of the beta radiation is absorbed while passing through the product. If the product is made too thick or thin, a correspondingly different amount of radiation will be absorbed.  Nuclear powered battery: Promethium is used in the production of nuclear Powered batteries that are used in nuclear power Stations.

8. Nuclear industry Use as tracers: Nonreactive tracer, Yb -DTPA have been used to detect CSF. The tracer was injected, after which the leakage of CSF aparent as increased radioactivity in gastric juice . Lanthanides tracer have been used as digesta markers in nutritional studies on experimental animals . For radiotherapy: Radiotherapy  is the use of high-energy rays, usually x-rays and similar rays (such as electrons) to treat disease. Lutetium is used in the radiotherapy of breast tumar .   153 Sm, 166 Dy,  166 Ho,  161 Tb and '1 77 Lu these are Some other lanthanides that are used in radiotherapy. Tomography: In this study, nanosized liposomes were designed and labeled with the radionuclides , holmium-166 (both a beta- and gamma-emitter and also highly paramagnetic) or technetium-99m, and coloaded with paramagnetic gadolinium allowing multimodality SPECT and MR imaging and radionuclide therapy with one single agent.

9. Catalytic and chemical uses In the production of gasoline ; As catalysts (substances that speed up  chemical reaction ), the lanthanides are widely used in the oil refining industry since they speed up the conversion of crude  petroleum  into widely used consumer products such as gasoline. Refining of crude oil; The main lanthanide used for this purpose is cerium, mixed with small amounts of lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium.  These metals are also widely used in the petroleum industry for refining of crude oil into gasoline products.

10. Catalytic and chemical industry Use as bio fuel catalysts . Lanthanides are use as fuel additives and biofuel catalyst such as cerium oxide. The difficulty with earlier lanthanides based catalyst that they were know to clog with filters and cause abrasion and blockage to the engines. Automotive catalytic converters . some lanthanides elements are use as automotive catalytic converter as   samarium ,   europium ,  gadolinium ,  terbium. A  catalytic converter  is an emissions control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by   catalyzing a   redox   reaction. In automobile-exhaust emission control . Exhaust gas  or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as  natural gas ,  gasoline, petrol, biodiesel blends ,  diesel fuel ,  fuel oil, or  coal.Some lanthanides are use for , Control of this emission .

11. In electronic industry Use in making search lights: Other lanthanide compounds are used in street lights, searchlights, and in the high-intensity lighting in sports stadiums. Praseodymium is commonly used for this. To form silicon chips : Some lanthanides because of their good heat and electrical conductivity are used to form chips in semiconductors as ytterbium, Praseodymium and neodymium . Long life rechargeable batteries: Dysporium , europium and terbium is use in the production of long life batteries. Lasers Praseodymium, gadolinium, dyasporium eurbium , samarium, ytterbium, holmium ,terbium all these are use in the formation of lasers.

12. Electronic industry: LEDs: An   LED lamp  is a light-emitting diode(LED ) product which is assembled into a lamp (or light bulb) for use in  lightin fixtures . Europium for example is used in the red phosphor in television screens and in energy-efficient LED light bulbs, while neodymium  CFLs: uorescent lamp,  electric discharge lamp, cooler and more efficient than incandescent lamps, that produces light by the fluorescence of a phosphor coating. A fluorescent lamp consists of a glass tube filled with a mixture of argon and  mercury vapour .  Ytterbiumand lutium are used in CFLs

13. Applications in medical industry Magnetic resonance imagery (MRI )   Its success and development as an imaging technique has been aided by the characteristics of contrast agents that enhance signal intensities and improve specificity. Gadolinium(iii) remains the dominant starting material for contrast agent design but other lanthanide ions (and other oxidation states i.e. +2) are also being increasingly investigated as alternatives to gadolinium(III) within laboratory conditions.  Portable x-ray machines: Ytterbium is used as a source of X-rays in portable radiology equipment, Thulium is used as a source of X-rays in portable radiology equipment and promithium is also used.  For genetic screening tests Genetic testing  is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes or proteins. Genetic tests examine a person's DNA in a variety of ways.  Very High quality luminating elements are used in genetic testing as Eurbium , Gadolinium and terbium.

14. Medical industry Cancer treatment applications: The time resolving luminescence of lanthanides has reveals to be ideal candidate for the imaging a cancerous cell. Guanine nucleotides consist of several subunits. Luminescence of Tb(|||) complex with norfloxin is sensitive to determine the concentration of phosphates. Medical and dental lasers The term “ laser ” stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Gadolinium, samarium, tholium , lutieum , dasporsium are all uesd to makes the lases that have tha applications in medical and dental area.

15. In developing technology High temperature superconductors Erbium is an element that is extensivly used in the production of high temperature superconductors.

16. Developing technology

17. Applications as phosphors pH probes Protonationof basic sites in systems comprising a chromophore and a luminescent metal center leads the way for pH sensors. Some initially proposed systems were based on pyridine derivatives but these were not stable in water .   Hydrogen peroxide sensor This ligand can be used as a hydrogen peroxide chemical sensor Hydrogen peroxide can be detected with high sensitivity by the luminescence of lanthanide probes—however only at relatively high pH values. A lanthanide-based analytical procedure was proposed in 2002 based on the finding that the europium complex with tetracycline binds hydrogen peroxide forming a luminescent complex . [ Estimating molecule size and atom distances FRET in lanthanide probes is a widely used technique to measure the distance between two points separated by approximately 15–100 Angstrom .  Measurements can be done under physiological conditions in vitro with genetically encoded dyes, and often in vivo as well. The technique relies on a distant- dependent transfer of energy from a donor fluorophore to an acceptor dye. Lanthanide probes has been used to study DNA-protein interactions (using a terbium  chelate complex) to measure distances in DNA complexes bent by the CAP protein

18. Applications as phosphors Protein conformation Lanthanide probes have been used to detect conformational changes in proteins. Recently the Shaker potassium ion channel ,  a voltage-gated channel involved in nerve impulses was measured using this technique .  Some scientist also have used lanthanide based luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) which is very similar to FRET to study conformational changes in RNA polymerase upon binding to DNA and transcription initiation in prokaryotes. Virology Traditional  virus diagnostic procedures are being replaced by sensitive immunoassays with lanthanides. The time resolved fluorescence based technique is generally applicable and its performance has also been tested in the assay of viral antigens in clinical specimens . Medical imaging Several systems have been proposed which combine MRI capability with lanthanides probes in dual assays. The luminescent probe may for instance serve to localize the MRI contrast agent. This has helped to visualize the delivery of nucleic acids into cultured cells. It should be noted in this case that lanthanides are not used for their fluorescence but their magnetic qualities .

19. In life science As mentioned in the industrial applications section above, lanthanide metals are particularly useful in technologies that take advantage of their reactivity to specific wavelengths of light .   Certain life science applications take advantage of the unique luminescence properties of lanthanide ion complexes ( Ln (III)  chelates  or  cryptates ). These are well-suited for this application due to their large Stokes shifts and extremely long emission lifetimes (from  microseconds to  milliseconds) compared to more traditional fluorophores . The biological fluids or serum commonly used in these research applications contain many compounds and proteins which are naturally fluorescent. Therefore, the use of conventional, steady-state fluorescence measurement presents serious limitations in assay sensitivity. Long-lived fluorophores , such as lanthanides, combined with time-resolved detection (a delay between excitation and emission detection) minimizes prompt fluorescence interference.

20. Magnetic applications of lanthanides

21. Magnetic applications

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