Applications of Proteomics Science

Introduction to Applications of Proteomics Science,
Proteomics- Techniques, Applications of proteomics
Presented by
A. Harsha Vardhan Naidu
Department of Pharmacology

1. 1 A seminar as a part of curricular requirement for I year M. Pharm. I semester. Presented by A. Harsha Vardhan Naidu, (20L81S0107) Department of Pharmacology Under the guidance of Dr. K. Somasekhar Reddy, M. Pharm , Ph. D. Associate Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology. Applications of Proteomics Science

2. 2 Introduction Proteomics- Techniques Applications of proteomics Conclusion References Contents

3. 3 Introduction Proteins are biological molecules made up of building blocks called amino acids. Proteins are essential to life, with structural, metabolic, transport, immune, signalling and regulatory functions among many other roles. The term “proteome” refers to all of the proteins that an organism can express. Each species has its own, unique proteome. Proteomics is the study of the proteome—investigating how different proteins interact with each other and the roles they play within the organism. Unlike the genome (the complete set of genes within each organism), the composition of the proteome is in a constant state of flux over time and throughout the organism.

4. 4 There are approximately 20,000 genes in the human genome, ~100,000 transcripts in the human transcriptome and over >1000000 proteoforms in the human proteome.

5. 5 Proteomics: Techniques 1. Low- throughput methods Antibody based methods Gel based methods Chromatography methods 2. High- throughput methods Analytical, functional and reverse phase micro assays Mass spectrometry based proteomics

6. 6 What are the key questions proteomics can answer? Protein identification Protein quantification Protein localization Post translational modifications Functional proteomics Structural proteomics Protein- protein interactions

7. 7 Protein identification  Which proteins are normally expressed in a particular cell type, tissue or organism as a whole, or which proteins are differentially expressed? Protein quantification Measures total (“steady-state”) protein abundance, as well as investigating the rate of protein turnover (i.e., how quickly proteins cycle between being produced and undergoing degradation).

8. 8 Protein localization Where a protein is expressed and/or accumulates is just as crucial to protein function as the timing of expression, as cellular localization controls which molecular interaction partners and targets are available.  Post-translational modifications Post-translational modifications can affect protein activation, localization, stability, interactions and signal transduction among other protein characteristics, thereby adding a significant layer of biological complexity.

9. 9 Functional proteomics This area of proteomics is focused on identifying the biological functions of specific individual proteins, classes of proteins (e.g., kinases ) or whole protein interaction networks . Structural proteomics Structural studies yield important insights into protein function, the “ druggability ” of protein targets for drug discovery, and drug design . Protein-protein interactions Investigates how proteins interact with each other, which proteins interact, and when and where they interact. 

10. 10 Personalized medicine: Tailoring disease treatment  to each patient based on their genetic and epigenetic makeup, so as to improve efficacy and reduce adverse effects. While genomics and transcriptomics have been the main focus of such studies to date, proteomics data will likely add a further dimension  for patient-specific management. Applications of Proteomics

11. 11 Biomarker discovery: Identification of protein markers for e.g., the diagnosis and prognosis of  glioblastoma , and evaluating patients’ response to therapeutic interventions such as stem cell transplantation. Drug discovery and development: Identifying potential drug targets, examining the druggability of selected protein targets, and developing drugs aimed at candidate therapeutic protein targets (e.g., for  hepatocellular carcinoma).

12. 12 Systems biology: System-wide investigations of disease pathways and host–pathogen interactions to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets; system-wide investigations of drug action, toxicity, resistance and efficacy . Agriculture: Investigations of plant–pathogen interactions, crop engineering for increased resilience to e.g., flooding, drought and other environmental stresses. 

13. 13 Food science: Food safety and quality control, allergen detection and improving the nutritional value of foods. Paleoproteomics The study of ancient proteins to further our understanding of  evolution  and  archaeology. Astrobiology Investigations of how mammals’ immune systems may respond to exo -microbes found in space and studies of the  prebiotic organic matter found on meteorites.

14. 14 Due to the growth of proteomics technology and unimaginable growth of scientific articles using proteomics approaches, proteomics applications in a wide range of investigations such as food industry, toxicology, development, neuroscience, and apoptosis would not be surprising . Food processing and its safety are important in the field of public health. Proteomics using different approaches has the power to characterize the proteinous components of foods and their changes during their production. Conclusion

15. 15 References Natasha Beeton . Proteomics: Principles, techniques and applications. Technology networks. Dec 2020. Nasrin Amiri - Dashatan . Proteomics applications in health: Biomarker, drug discovery and food industry. NCBI. 2018; 17(4): 1523–1536 . Bilal Aslam . Proteomics: Technologies and their applications. PubMed . 2017; 55(2 ):182-196.

16. 16 THANK YOU