Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is a therapy that helps kids with autism learn skills and lessen problematic behavior like hurting themselves. There are several different forms of ABA.

Applied Behavior Analysis

1. Applied behavioral analysis Md Guljar Ahmad Clinical psychologist

2. Learning and behaviour 1900s especially by the works of Russian physiologist Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) with his famous contributions of learning principles of classical conditioning. In 1913, John Watson laid out the stimulus-organism-response psychology which started “Behaviorism “and identified observable behaviour and stated that all behaviour is controlled by environmental events.

3. BEHAVIOUR MODEAL ABC A = Antecedent. B = Behaviour . C = Consequences. (Operant Conditioning)

4. BEHAVIOURL PROCESS Covert Behaviour Overt Behaviour

5. Any observable and measurable activity is called behaviour . It is divided into two types: Skill behavior. Problem behavior.

6. aba Applied Behaviour Analysis ( ABA ) is the science of applying experimentally derived principles of behaviour to improve socially significant behaviour . The term Applied behaviour analysis was introduced in 1968 in the first issue of Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis with the publication of Baer, Wolf, and Risley’s

7. Applied - principles applied to socially significant behaviour . Behavioural - based on scientific principles of behaviour . Analysis - progress is measured and interventions, modified.

8. Characteristics of aba ( Kazdin,2001 ) Focus on overt behaviour Focus on behaviours those are socially or clinically significant Assess behaviour through direct observation Assess behaviour continuously over time to identify the patterns of behaviour Search for marked intervention plans that make a clear difference to everyday functioning of the individual Focus on one or a small number of individuals over time Use environmental and observable events to influence the frequency of behaviour Identify, evaluate, and demonstrate the factors that are responsible for the behaviour change.

9. ? Problem behaviour A behaviour is considered to be problematic when it meets the following criteria. When behaviours are dangerous to self or others. When behaviours are inappropriate to the age. When behaviours are interfering with the learning of self or others. When behaviours cause unreasonable stress to others. When behaviours are socially deviant. When behaviours occur more frequently or have long duration When behaviours are severe in nature.

10. PROBLEM BEHAVIOUR NATURE Excess Behaviour . Deficite Behaviour

11. How and what to assess Initially difficult to search. Regular observation. Note every action and reaction. Maladaptive behaviour pattern. Anxiety. Escape to given task. Sensory issues. Physical health condition.

12. Why problem behaviour come out Attention seeking. Self stimulating factor. Escaping. Avoidance. Tangible factor. Skill deficit. Sensory seeking.

13. methods of behavioural assessment Observation Parental reports Teachers’/Therapist reports Rating scales Behavioural check-lists.

14. PROBLEM BEHAVIOUR Misbehavior with Others. Temper Tantrum Violent and Destructive behavior. Self Injurious Behaviour . Repetitive Behaviour . Odd Behaviour . Hyperactivity. Fear. Rebellious Behaviour . Antisocial Behaviour .

15. ASSUMPTIONS OF APPLIED BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS Most behaviours are learned Behaviours are stimulus specific Behaviours can be taught and modified Behaviour change programs must be individualized Emphasis on intervention is on the here and now Focus of etiology is on child’s environment Behaviour change goals must be specific and clearly defined

16. ABA In Different Childhood Disorder Autism Hyperkinetic disorders. Intellectual disability. Conduct disorder. Eating disorder. Mood disorder. Anxiety disorder.

17. Day/Time/Place Antecedent Behavior Consequences

18. ABA Therapy Techniques Positive Reinforcement: In the most general of terms, positive reinforcement is providing someone with a reward or praise to encourage them to continue to behave in the way you would like them to. The praise or reward needs to quickly follow the desired behavior. If a reward or praise quickly follows a behavior, the person will associate the positive reinforcement with the behavior. This makes the person more likely to increase the rewarded behavior.

19. Discrete Trial Training: Discrete Trial Training ( DTT )  is one of the major teaching strategies used in ABA Therapy. DTT is a technique where skills are broken down into small, “discrete” (or distinct) elements. The therapist then introduces each element of the skill to your child, one at a time. Your child will receive positive reinforcement after each correct response to the discrete element being taught.

20. Antecedent-based Interventions: To understand  Antecedent Based Interventions ( ADI ),  it is helpful to understand how ABA Theory looks at learning. ABA Theory looks at learning as a three-stage process (Antecedent Behavior Consequence). According to this ABC process, an antecedent (A) occurs that triggers a behavior (B). The behavior (B) then leads to a consequence (C).

21. Exercise: You may be surprised to learn that your child’s ABA Therapist may engage your child in  exercise  as part of his/her therapy session. Exercise not only improves one’s physical health, it has been proven to have many other benefits.

22. Extinction: Extinction in ABA  is simply a procedure used to help reduce problem behaviors. Different strategies are developed to reduce problem behaviors based on the way the particular behaviors are being maintained.

23. Functional Behavior Assessment: A  Functional Behavioral Assessment ( FBA )  is the process your child’s ABA Therapist uses to identify the behaviors that need to be altered to help your child learn. This process helps your child’s ABA therapist identify specific behaviors, determine the purpose of these behaviors, and figure out the factors that are maintaining these behaviors. Your child’s FBA will become the basis for the interventions your child’s ABA Therapist uses to help your child learn and grow.

24. Functional Communication Training: Functional Communication  Training ( FCT ) uses differential reinforcement (DR) to teach a child to replace one behavior with another. Generally, a child is taught to replace a problematic behavior with an appropriate phrase or some other way of communicating. FCT interventions progress through a set of stages.

25. Modeling: Modeling  is, simply put, when one person intentionally shows another person what an ideal behavior looks like. In ABA therapy, your child’s therapist may use modeling to help your child understand the behavior that he/she is looking for.

26. Picture Exchange Communication System: A  Picture Exchange Communication System  (PECS) is a modified ABB program that allows people without the ability to speak to use images to communicate. Studies have shown that suing PECS can improve your child’s language skills. A PECS can also help your child communicate needs and help reduce behaviors associated with the frustration of being misunderstood or unable to communicate.

27. Pivotal Response Training: Pivotal Response Training ( PRT )  is a variation of ABA therapy. This method is based on the idea that there are pivotal behaviors that influence other behaviors. Therapists using PRT focus on these pivotal areas instead of looking at specific behaviors. PRT often occurs through gameplay .

28. Redirection: Redirection is a technique used by many therapists, educators, and caregivers. An ABA therapist using this technique quill distract a child from a problem behavior that is happening. The child’s attention is drawn toward more appropriate behavior.

29. Scripting: Scripting  means repeating the same words over and over again. ABA therapists may use scripting to help your child learn a new skill. The therapist will create a description of a skill or situation. The therapist will practice the script with your child before the skill is used. A script may be as simple as, “ ook the person you are talking to in the eye.”

30. Shaping Shaping is a very common technique used in ABA therapy sessions. It’s likely you have used shaping yourself, without knowing the term for it. In technical terms, shaping is the process of systematically reinforcing behavioral approximations toward an end goal. Let’s break that down to clear up the technical language. Shaping is used to teach and reinforce an optimal goal. Shaping can be used when teaching a greater skill, by first teaching and reinforcing the steps toward the end goal.

31. Thank you .