Applied chemistry.pptx

applied

1. Applied chemistry Branch of chemistry dealing with application of theories and principles to practical purposes and use in our life.

2. Chemical industries It is the important part of applied chemistry. It refers to economic development of nation and helps in making life better and prosperous

3. Products in chemical industries are of three typed Basic chemicals Functional chemicals Fine chemicals Basic chemical produced in large volume and purchased on basis of purity composition and price Eg fertlizers petrochemical s acid base and salt Functional chemicals are used in further manufacture Eg perfumes cosmetics medical raw materials gases electronic parts Fine chemicals products changed into different products by undergoing differebt chemical changes Eg Soap, paints etc

4. Unit operation refers to separation of products obtained from different process Involves primary treatment like physical changes Eg crushing griniding Unit process involves chemical treatment or biological conversion into different synthesis of product Eg Oxidation reduction

5. Importance of chemical industries In agriculture Eg Fungicides Fertilizers pesticides In environment Climate change conservation waste management use of natural sources pollution control measurments In hygine or health Eg medicines soap sanitizers In sunstainable energy source manage waste product to get energy production In food salts spicies In painting and coating In petrochemicals crude oil natural gas benzene etc In pharmaceuticals drugs and medicines In construction carpeting furniture cements In automobile industy plastics rubber body parts paint etc

6. Stages in producing a new product Researching a new product Moving to a pilot studt Decision to go ahead Making and selling the product Review

7. Researching a new product Formation of new idea Collect ideas from external sources and internal sources from all customers compettitors mangers salesman Mainly focus on the current item and shortcomings

8. Moving to pilot study Idea screening selecting the best idea Chemical enginers knowledge needed on designing final plant calculating feed stock energy cost and size of additional equipment

9. The decision to go ahead Selected idea implemented May take several years Different ideas and concepts are made Capital cost Market strategies Most favourable risks Predict trends in economic and political develpoment

10. Making and selling products main role is of research and development department sales evaluation selling process packaging processing Sometimes the test market is done to selected population

11. Review collecting response from constumers collecting information if modification requires or not . Success or failure Company may suffer loss

12. Economics of production Mainly focus on production, economic analysis,prices markets and costs Three metrics that meaures production output Total product –Total no of units that factory can produce per unit time Marginal product –number of additional products that a company can produce in addition to total product Average product –Total product divided by no of units of a ceratin fraction of times

13. Economic analysis Market analysis and selling price-collecting infromations about industries ,income taxes compettion , price volume total earning from the product Profitability analysis- project cost return on investment preparation of cost and profit charts.financial status of indutry

14. Cost Fixed cost Labour , maintenance, safety,laboratory services managnment depreciation Variable cost raw materials energy packaging transportation licenses patents

15. Prices raw materials, manpower energy packaging , taxes,supportive services for quality control ,waste management,sustainable energy form.

16. Cash flow Raw materials are turned into products by cash over some time five stages Research development(cash flow always neagative ) Production(cash flow should increasing but must not be positive due to earlier cost paying back)) Growth(if product success sales will grow) Maturity(cash flow may be negative or positive due to market pressures) Decline phase(if patent is about to end there is less profit and selling declines )

17. Running a chemical plant Two methods of Running a chemical plant Continous method Batch method

18. Continous method More economical Applied for product which demand is high and almost constant Chemicals are automated with less number of workers and are stopped at emergency and maintaince . Plant construction cost is high Applied for large no of chemicals such as petroleum sulphuric acid fertilizers Batch method Less economical Applied for those product which deamand is low and but high level of purity More no of workers are needed Can be stopped and maintained from time to time so that high purity chemicals are produced. Plant construction cost is small. Applied for small number of chemical such as pharmaceutical industry biochemical products

19. Environmental impact of chemical industry Physiological effects and mental effects Main groups of chemical products Potentially harmful inorganic elements(As Fe etc radioactive substances Persisistent organic pollutants (DDT) Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals