Aquaculture: Sustainable Farming of Aquatic Organisms

As the global population grows and pressure on natural marine resources increases, aquaculture presents a solution to ensure food security and protect wild ecosystems, provided that sustainable practices are prioritized.

1. Introduction to Aquaculture Presented by: Areej Malik and Sumaira Aslam Presented to: Prof. Dr. Naeem Sb.  M.phill Zoology (weekend). 

2. What is Aquaculture ? Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants.

3. Objectives of aquaculture Production of protein rich, nutritive, palatable and easily digestible human food at a low or reasonable cost. Providing new species and strengthening stocks of exiting fish in natural and man-made water bodies through artificial recruitment and transplantation. Production of ornamental fish. Recycling of organic waste of human and livestock origin. Production of industrial and bait-fish for commercial sportfishery .

4. History of Aquaculture: Aquaculture was developed more than 2000 years ago in countries like China, Rome and Egypt. First book on fish farming was written by a Chinese Fan Li in 475 BC. Fish farming pictures have been found in Egypt Pyramids. The concept of pond fertilization was developed in Europe about 1500AD. In North America trout farming was started in 18th century. Fish farming got a boast after the First World War. Revolution of fish farming came after successful induced spawning of fishes in China in 1956. 10/2/2024 4

5. Aquaculture began in China: 10/2/2024 5

6. Fresh Water Fish Species Cultured in Ponds of Pakistan The major carps. (Indigenous): Rahu , Labeo rohita Mori, Cirrhinus mrigala Thala, Catla catla 10/2/2024 6

7. Fresh Water Fish Species Cultured in Ponds of Pakistan II: Exotic Chinese Carps: Common carp, Cyprinus carpio Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Grass carp, Ctenophayngodon idella 10/2/2024 7

8. Organization of Aquaculture 1- Semi- intensive: Adoption of mid level technology, partial dependence on natural productivity, fertilization ,supplementary feeding with stock manipulation, medium level inputs and medium rate of production. 2- Intensive: Adoption of full complement of culture technique including scientific pond design, fertilization supplemental feeding or only feeding without fertilization; full measure of stock manipulation, disease control, scientific harvesting, high level inputs and high rate of production. 3- Extensive: adoption of traditional techniques of aquaculture e.g. dependence on natural productivity and little control over the stocks. 10/2/2024 8

9. Kinds of Aquaculture Static water ponds Running water culture Culture in recirculating systems Culture in rice fields Aquaculture in raceways, cages pens and enclosures Monoculture Poly culture 10/2/2024 9

10. Pond Culture Static fresh Water pond Brackish water pond Ordinary freshwater fish culture Ponds are still water ponds. Some our seasonal and some are perennial. The species are different from those cultured in fresh water ponds. They very upgrade deal in water spread area and depth. The principle of operation of brackish water ponds is different from those of fresh water ponds. Some are seasonal and some are perennial. The pond or the farm is essentially located on a tidal Creek or stream and there is a system of sluices to control the ingress and egress of water. Ponds may be rain fed also called Sky ponds may have inlet and outlet systems. Brackish water pond is a fast growing science. 10/2/2024 10

11. Running water culture At places where there is abundant supply of water, common carp is cultured in running water ponds. A very high common carp production rate has been achieved where there is plentiful supply of running water of high dissolved oxygen content and optimum range of temperature for feeding. Running water culture of common carp is done in a small way in Europe, Indonesia and Thailand. 10/2/2024 11

12. Culture in Recirculating systems 10/2/2024 12

13. Culture in Rice Fields 10/2/2024 13 Culturing fish and growing rice together in the same paddy fields is an old practice in Asia and the Far East. Interest in producing rice and fish together had declined in recent years because of use of fish toxic pesticides required to protect high yield varieties of rice introduced as part of green revolution in Asia.

14. Aquaculture in Raceways: Cages, Pens and Enclosures: Rigid structures Flexible structures Floating Fish Cages Cages with Rigid Framework Cages with Flexible Framework Fish Cages 10/2/2024 14

15. Advantages of Cage Culture 10-12 times higher yields than pond culture for compareable input and area. Prevents the lose of stock due to flooding. No question of seepage and evaporation losses. No need of water replacement. No problem of for excavation and dependence on soil characteristics. Complete harvest of fish is efficient. Optimum utilization of artificial food. Reduced fish handling. Initial investment relatively small. 10/2/2024 15

16. Limitations of Cage Culture: Feed must be nutritionally complete and kept fresh.
Low Dissolved Oxygen Syndrome (LODOS) is an ever present problem and may require mechanical aeration.
Fouling of net cage.
The incidence of disease can be high and diseases may spread rapidly. At times interferes with natural fish populations round the cage. Risk of theft is increased. 10/2/2024 16

17. Monoculture Monoculture, as the name implies, in the culture a single species of an organism in a culture system of any type of water, fresh, brackish or salt water. For example: Tilapia culture in India. Rainbow out culture in several countries. Catfish in Africa. 10/2/2024 17

18. Poly culture Polyculture is the production of two or more fish species within a particular aquaculture environment. Most polyculture occurs in ponds. Some of the fish species grown in catfish ponds include paddlefish, tilapia and big head carp 10/2/2024 18