Table 1 are mirror oppositions. Two other letter
representations are mirror oppositions of non-
alphabet symbols: 29 is a mirror opposite of the
kasrasymbol, and 14 of Table 1 is also a mirror
opposite to the hamza≠alàyà±. It is a confusing
phenomenon, because fast reading depends
on readily realizing shapes (al-Sharkawi 1997:
142–147). Vowel blocking happens when con-
tractions are used. Although uncommon, theo-
retically one can use short vowels in Arabic
Braille. If contractions are used for clusters of
letters, no short vowel representation is allowed
inside the word, nor is a case ending. If short
vowels or case endings must be represented, no
contraction can take place, and the size of the
fully represented words becomes much longer
(al-Sharkawi 2002:205–212).
3. Contractions
In Braille, a word can take up a large horizontal
space on the line. Therefore a system of contrac-
tion symbols was devised in order to reduce
the number of dot cells needed for a word.
Contractions are one or two dot cells used to
stand for full words, morphemes in words, or
even consonant clusters (al-Sharkawi 1997:
124). They are divided into two categories: the
first contains simple contractions, which are one
dot cell units. The second contains complex con-
tractions, which are two dot cells for one word.
Letters forming one word can be a part of
another word. In such a case, however, contrac-
tion takes place with certain limitations. If the
word or cluster of letters has three or four let-
ters, and if it is attached to a function word, a
separation mark (dots 3–6) has to be added
before the contracted cluster when the contrac-
tion symbol is an alphabet letter. Yet, when
the contraction symbol is a non-alphabet letter,
there is no limitation. If the contraction symbol
is a symbol of punctuation marks or case ending,
it cannot be used to contract a letter cluster at
the end of a word. If a cluster of letters happens
to be composed of the same letters as a func-
tional morpheme, it cannot be contracted in the
middle of the word. Therefore, functional mor-
pheme contractions are limited to the end of the
word. Finally, if the contraction symbol is in
mirror opposition to the preceding letter in the
word, contraction is blocked. Contraction con-
ditions are devised to avoid confusion between
contraction symbols and single value symbols.
The number of simple contraction symbols is
55. The majority are alphabet dot representa-
tions that contract full function words (preposi-
tions, conjunctions, pronouns, demonstratives)
and grammatical morphemes in words (definite
article, plural and dual morphemes). In most of
the simple contractions, the first letter of the
word is used as a contraction symbol. When
grammatical morphemes are contracted, non-
letter symbols are used, and the contracted ele-
ment remains in its position in the word. Table 6
contains some examples of simple contractions.
Table 6. Examples of simple contractions
Contraction Contracted Meaning
word
1–2 (bà±) ball ‘but’ [conjunction]
2–3–4–5 (tà±) tilka ‘that’ [fem.
demonstrative]
1–2–3–5–6 (≠ayn)≠indamà‘when’
[conjunction]
1–5–6 (™à±) ™attà ‘until’ [particle]
Complex contractions are full words contracted
in two dot cells: the first part is a non-alphabet
symbol, while the second part is a letter in the
contracted word. The first part only uses the left
vertical column, dots 4–6.The total number of
complex contractions is 124.
4. Code systems
Arabic Braille has mathematical and musical
codes. Code systems differ from the alphabet
structurally in that there are areas in the dot cell
they do not use, while the alphabet uses the two
vertical columns and the three horizontal lines of
the cell. Numerals, not arithmetic signs, use the
upper two lines of the dot cell, leaving the bot-
tom dots 3–6 empty, while the musical code uses
the bottom two lines, leaving the upper line 1–4
dots empty. In addition, numerals are distin-
guished by a number marker put before the
number to distinguish it from alphabet letters.
Like the alphabet, numerals are written from
left to right, and read from right to left. But they
use the upper and middle horizontal lines, and
not the bottom one. Numerals are clustered
beside one another without a space in between.
Before the number cluster, there is a number
marker. After the cluster ends, there is an empty
dot cell. Arithmetic symbols, unlike numerals,
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