ARF and CKD brief outlines Presentation.pptx

Acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease a brief understanding.

1. Acute Renal Failure & Chronic Kidney Disease Understanding Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

2. Introduction • Definition of Acute Renal Failure (ARF): Sudden loss of kidney function • Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Gradual loss of kidney function over time

3. Causes of Acute Renal Failure • Pre-renal Causes: Hypovolemia, heart failure, liver cirrhosis • Intrinsic Causes: Glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis • Post-renal Causes: Obstruction (stones, tumors)

4. Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease • Diabetes Mellitus • Hypertension • Glomerulonephritis • Polycystic Kidney Disease • Prolonged Obstructive Uropathy

5. Pathophysiology of ARF • Pre-renal: Decreased blood flow → decreased GFR • Intrinsic: Direct damage to the kidneys • Post-renal: Obstruction of urine outflow

6. Pathophysiology of CKD • Progressive nephron loss • Stages of CKD (1-5) based on GFR levels

7. Symptoms of ARF • Oliguria/Anuria • Fluid overload • Electrolyte imbalance • Uremia

8. Symptoms of CKD • Early Stage: Fatigue, hypertension • Late Stage: Anemia, bone disease, uremia

9. Diagnosis of ARF • Blood Tests: Serum creatinine, BUN • Urine Tests: Urinalysis, urine output monitoring • Imaging: Ultrasound, CT scan

10. Diagnosis of CKD • Blood Tests: eGFR, serum creatinine • Urine Tests: Albumin-to-creatinine ratio • Imaging: Ultrasound, kidney biopsy

11. Comparison of ARF and CKD Parameter Acute Renal Failure Chronic Kidney Disease Onset Sudden Gradual Duration Short-term Long-term, progressive Reversibility Potentially reversible Irreversible Primary Cause Often ischemia, toxins, or obstruction Often diabetes, hypertension Management Immediate treatment, possible dialysis Long-term management, dialysis/transplant

12. Management of ARF • Initial Management: Address underlying cause, Fluid management, Avoid nephrotoxins • Advanced Management: Dialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)

13. Management of CKD • Early Management: Blood pressure control, glucose control, Dietary restrictions (low protein, potassium, phosphate) • Advanced Management: Dialysis, kidney transplantation, Management of complications (anemia, bone disease)

14. Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease Stage Description GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) 1 Kidney damage with normal GFR ≥ 90 2 Mild decrease in GFR 60-89 3a Mild to moderate decrease in GFR 45-59 3b Moderate to severe decrease in GFR 30-44 4 Severe decrease in GFR 15-29 5 Kidney failure < 15 or dialysis

15. Complications of ARF and CKD • ARF: Hyperkalemia, acidosis, uremia, fluid overload • CKD: Cardiovascular disease, anemia, bone-mineral disorder

16. Prognosis • ARF: Dependent on underlying cause and treatment response • CKD: Progressive; may lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

17. Conclusion • Summary of Key Points • Importance of Early Detection and Management • Future Directions in Treatment

18. References Include relevant textbooks, guidelines, and journal articles.