art Appreciation 482215352-Chapter-5-pptx.pptx



from the viewer, the smaller is the size of the object. Relative size is supported by the concept of linear perspective. Parallel lines that meet at the horizon give the illusion of distance. Objects, therefore, become smaller the nearer they are to the point in the horizon where the two lines converge.
Atmospheric Perspective. This is also known as aerial perspective. The illusion of depth is created by techniques known as gradient (a gradual change). This may be a gradient in texture, brightness, color intensity, and combination of warm and cool colors. To understand gradient better, the picture plane is divided into three parts: the lower part is the foreground, which is nearest to the viewer, the second is the middle ground, and the upper part of the picture plane is the background. In applying gradient to give the illusion of depth, objects in the foreground would be bigger, detailed, and brighter. As the eye moves to the middle ground, the objects' appearance would gradually change. In the middle ground objects would be smaller compared with those in the foreground. There would be less detail, and colors are not so bright. When the viewer looks at the background, objects will be smaller, they will have very little detail, and the colors are hazy giving the illusion of distance.

1. C H A P T E R 5 H i s t o r i c a l D e v e l o p m ent o f A r t B y : G r o u p 3

2. P R E H I S T O R I C A R T ( C A V E A R T )

3. P R E H I STORIC A R T r e f e r s t o a l l a r t w o r ks p r o d u c e d b y a n c i e n t m e n b e f o r e a n y p r e c o n ceived c u l t u r e a n d k n o w n m e t h o d s o f w r i t i n g a n d r e c o r d k e e p i n g e v e r e x i s t e d , s i m p l y m e a n i n g a r t b e f o r e h i s t o r y . C A V E P A I N T I N G o r P E T R O G R A P H r e f e r s t o a n y p a r i e t a l a r t , w h i c h i n v o l v e s t h e a p p l i cation o f c o l o r p i g m e nts o n t h e w a l l s , f l o o r s , o r c e i l i ngs o f a n c i e n t r o c k d w e l l i n g s i n h a b i t ed b y p r e h i s t o ric m a n .

4. M O N O C H R O M E C A V E P A I N TING S a r e i m a g e s w i t h o n l y o n e c o l o r .

5. P O L Y C H ROME C A V E P A I N T INGS h a s t w o o r m o r e c o l o r s . T h e t e r m c a v e d r a w i n g o r p e t r o g l y phs , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , r e f e r s t o a n e n g r a v ed d r a w i n g , .

6. M o s t o f p r e h i s t oric c a v e p a i n t i n g s w e r e f i g u r a t ive , a n d 9 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e w e r e o f a n i m a l s . P i c t u r e s o f h u m a n s w e r e r a r e l y s h o w n a n d we're u s u a l l y h i g h l y s t y l i z ed a n d f a r l e s s n a t u r a l i s t ic t h a n t h e a n i m a l f i g u r e s

7. A t C u e v a d e Los A v i o n e s , a c a v e i n Southeastern S p a i n , r e s e a r chers a l s o f o u n d p e r f o r a t e d s e a s h e ll b e a d s a n d p i g m e n t s t h a t a r e a t l e a s t 1 1 5 , y e a r s o l d .

8. Magura Cave

9. Cueva de las Manos

10. Bhimbetka

11. Serra da Capivara

12. Laas Gaal

13. Tadrart Acacus

14. Chauvet Cave

15. Kakadu Rock Paintings

16. Lascaux Paintings

17. P a l e o l ithic P e r i o d in arts was t h e t i m e w h e n p r i m i t i v e c a v e a r t w o rks w e r e c r e a t e d w i t h t h e u s e o f p r i m i t ive s t o n e t o o l s b y p r i m i t ive m e n .

18. N e o l i thic P e r i o d H a p p e n ed w h e n m a n b e g a n t o d e v e l o p c u l ture a n d c h a n g e h i s l i f e s t y le . N e o l i t h i c a r t r e f l e c t e d t h e g r e a t s h i f t i n l i v i n g c o n d i tions .

19. P H I L I P P I N E P R I M I T I VE A R T The a n c i ent a n t i q u i t ies s i m p l y c o n c l u d ed o u r t r u e i d e n t i t y a s p e o p l e w h o w e r e a l r e a d y c i v i l i z e d w i t h o u r o w n w r i t i n g s y s t e m a n d i n t e l ligent e n o u g h t o m a k e s o p h i s t i cated t o o l s a n d w e a p o ns l o n g b e f o r e t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e f i r s t i nvaders.

20. C a v e P a i n t i ngs I n t h e m u n i c i p ality o f B i n a n g o n a n , p r o v i n c e o f R i z a l , T h e A n g o n o P e t r o g l y phs S i t e M u s e u m i s l o c a ted . I t w a s a c c i dentally d i s c o v e r ed b y N a t i o n a l A r t i s t C a r l o s " B o t o n g " F r a n c i s c o w i t h a t r o o p o f b o y s c o u t s d u r i n g a f i e l d t r i p i n 1 9 6 5 .

21. T w o k i n d s o f P e t r o g l yphs : C h a r c o a l d r a w i ngs o n c a v e w a l l s i n P e ñ a b l a n c a , C a g a y a n P r o v i n c e

22. b. r e d h e m a t i te p r i n t s i n A n d a P e n i n s u l a , B o h o l p r o v ince .

23. B u r i a l j a r s T h e s e c o n dary b u r i a l j a r w a s f o u n d i n M a n u n g g u l C a v e , L i p u u n P o i n t , P a l a w a n i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 ' s a n d n o w c o n s i d e r ed o n e o f t h e P h i l i p pines ' n a t i o n a l c u l t u r a l t r e a s ure s . M a n u n g g u l j a r ( L a t e N e o l i t hic P e r i o d , a b o u t 8 9 - 7 1 B . C )

24. M a i t u m j a r ( M e t a l A g e a b o u t 5 B . C - 2 2 5 A . D ) T h e e a r t h e n w a r e p o t s w e r e f o u n d i n A y u b C a v e i n P i n o l , M a i t u m , S a r a n g g a n i P r o v i n c e , r e s e m b l i n g h u m a n f i g u r e s .

25. CLASICAL PERIOD The term clasical art refers to the art form from greece and rome.

26. CLASICAL PERIOD - Is a general term describing the long period of time in cultural history when the mediterranean sea was the center. It started with the earliest - recorded greek poetry of homer and continued through the rise of rome and christianity. The art of ancient Greeks has been held as the standard or measure by which all later art will be judge. It has shape our minds of what perfection should look like. STONE FIGURE - Called kouroi were common, it is the heavy stylized and rigid stature of human anatomy displayed by the influence of the ancient egyptians. • Over the cours of the next centuries, Greek artist also would like to develop their own style.

27. STONE FIGURE - Called kouroi were common, it is the heavy stylized and rigid stature of human anatomy displayed by the influence of the ancient egyptians. - Over the cours of the next centuries, Greek artist also would like to develop their own style.

28. GREEK,S GOLDEN AGE OR THE CLASICAL PERIOD OF ANCIENT. Greece was the time when the greeks achieved new heights in art, architecture, theater, and philosophy. Democracy in athens was improved under the leadership of pericles. Clasical period began after the greek victory of over the persians. A new sense of pride and feeling of self confidence in the greek word emerged. One of the most wonderful accomplishments in athens during this time was the rebuilding of the pathernon, a temple devoted to athena on the acropolis.

29. 1. PHEIDIAS - Created a new Statue of athena, sculpted in Ivory and gold, on the Acropolis. 2. SOCRATES - Known as the Father of philosophy, met with His followers on the streets of Athens during this period. > The greatest known works of the clasical period for contemporaries were the masive statue of Zeus at Olympia and the statue of Athena Parthenos in the parthenon > Both chryselephantine ( made of gold and ivory, chrysus, elephantine ) and completed by phidias or under his direction .

30. Greek art influenced Roman art, and both of them were inspiration for the Renaissance. • GREEK ART - Described as idealistic, imaginative, and spiritual.

31. ROMANS ART - Bounded to what they saw in the world . Almost no Greek paintings survived the ages until 20th century. What we know today was based on written descriptions. Later the Romans copied and used this tecnique to make portraites. And the Greeks also made of used paints made from precious stones, earth and plants.

32. ANCIENT GREEK PAINTINGS > Had subjects that included ... • Snake - haired medusa • Centaurs • Dancing girls • Olympic athletes and gods. The Greeks were master sculptors and were much more highly skilled than the Egyptians who came before them and the romans who came afterward. The skills and sense of aesthetics of how they created their sculptures were unmached until the Renaissance.

33. ROMAN ART ROME - was the most powerful nation on earth, defeating all others at military organization and warfare, engineering, and architecture. The invention of the dome, and the groan vault, the development of concrete and a european - wide network of roads and bridges were all part of the uniquely Roman achievements. > It was during the age of emperor trajan ( 98 - 117 C.E ) and the emperor Hadrian ( 117 - 138 C.E ) Rome reached the peak of its architectural glory, attained through numerous building programs of monuments, baths, aqueducts, palaces, temples, and mousoleums. During this era Many of the buildings served as models for architects of the italian Renaissance.

34. FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI ( 1377 - 1446 ) A designer of the iconic dome of the cathedral in florence, and both Donato Bramante ( 1444 - 1514 ) and MICHELANGELO - A Designers of St. Peter`s Basilica. •The Romans were practically people and wanted their art and architecture to be useful. They planned their cities and built briges, aqueducts, public baths, and marketplaces, apartment houses, and harbors. • The art forms were influenced by the ancient Greeks and Estruscans, but the practical usage of the arts were distincly Roman.

35. The Etruscans imitated Greek styles of art but have also achieved much by themeselves. > They develop a very lifelike type of portrait sculpture and introduced the very first use of the stone arch into architecture. > The Romans put into practical use what they had learned from the Etruscans. The baths and arenas were proofs to the ability of Romes great builders.

36. By the 1st century B.C. the Romans improved the used of concrete. The material could made into any shape for arches, vaults, or domes. Concrete made it possible for architect to build structures of great size. The Greeks were a great influence in Roman sculpture. But Roman portaiture showed the skill and originally of the Romans by portraying their emperors,generals, and senators with a degree of realism unknown to the Greeks.

37. Wall paintings preserved in rock during the eruption of the volcano Mt. Vesuvius in A.D 79, tell us nearly everything we knwe about Roman painting. In Pompeii, painting was usually done as a form of decoration and was executed on the inside walls of the houses in fresco ( painting on wet plaster.) Often these murals were used to give the illution of dept or to create a pastoral landscape where there was no window or view and to make the room seem larger. Romans achieved a high degree of naturalism in painting through the artists understanding of perspective and use of light and shade. Religion, too, was a common subject the most popular colors were RED, BLACK, and CREME - WhITE.

38. MEDIEVAL PERIOD

39. Medieval period The history of Medieval art covered almost ten centuries between the sack of rome (450 C.E.) and the Early Italian Renaissance (1400). Only one institution survived: the Christian Church – centered in Rome and Constantinople. The church became the main sponsor of architecture and the other types of art during the medieval era.

40. Medieval Architecture This refers to architectural styles in medieval Europe during the middle ages. The architecture of structures in medieval Europe was predominantly related to the building of sacred buildings, such us churches, which was the primary structure signifying Christian faith. Medieval religious architectures, such us cathedrals, where expressions of faith. Churches are also channels of creative energy during the medieval period. Churches used large amount of money for beautification and the creation of the buildings.

41. Romanesque Architecture All western European architecture was typically by classification considered Romanesque, exept Byzantine structuresz roughly from 500 to 1150. The earlier period of Romanesque architecture could be classified as Carolingian architecture or Pre-Romanesque. It was the north European style of the Carolingian Renaissance of the late 8th and 9th centuries during the reign of Charlemagne. The later period of Romanesque architecture was called Ottonian architecture developed under the reign of Emperor Otto the Great (936-975). The German style lasted from the mid-10th century until the mid-11th century. Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults, large towers, and decorative arcading. The Middle Ages Romanesque Architecture was the first major style of architecture to be developed after the collapse of the Roman Empire. The Romanesque architecture was ecclesiastical in nature. The romanesque period was defined by important churches and monastic buildings. Romanesque architecture was succeeded by Gothic or Perpindicular style of architecture of the later middle Ages (1066-1485).

42. Gothic Architecture This started in the 12th century in France. It was the new style in architecture and design reffered to as the French style. It was latter on called the Gothic style durig the Renaissance period. Several inspirations in architectural techniques came from the Arabs, copied during the time of the Crusades that led to changes in Gothic styles. These changes included the use of a pointed arch, ribbed vaults, and buttress. Heavy piers were also replaced by clustered slender ones while window dimensions became larger as vaults and spires increased in height.

43. Byzantine Architecture Also called Eastern Roman, the Empire started with the establishment of Constantinople (formerly Byzantium) A.D 324 and ended its capture by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. When Constantinople was founded, it was meant to creat a new Rome in the East. The style of architecture established is now what we called Early Christian or Byzantine. The Byzantine Empire’s architecture was characterized by massive domes with square bases and rounded arches and spires and much use of glass mosaics.

44. Types of Medieval Art: Illuminated Manuscripts – these were religious texts decorated with rich colors, which often featured the use of gold and silver. The word “illuminated” comes from the Latin word illuminare, meaning adorn, or illuminate and is defined as the embellishment of a manuscripts with luminous colors (especially gold).

45. RENAISSANCE The period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, was considered the link between the middle ages and modern history. The term “Renaissance” is from the same French word, meaning rebirth .It comes from the Italian Rinascimento, “Re” meaning “again” and nascere meaning “be born.” It’s influenced altered literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion and the other aspects of intellectual investigation.

46. The Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits as well as social and political upheavals. Science and art were very much mingled and interrelated in the early Renaissance, with artist, such as Leonardo da Vinci, making observational drawings of anatomy an nature. Early and influential promoters of these ideas included Copernicus and Galileo.

47. EARLY RENAISSANCE It has always been known that the Renaissance began in Tuscany in the 14th century in the city of Florence. By 1500, because of the discovery of the classical world, the art of painting as radically change. Artworks of Christian orientation, such as devotional art, become classically humanized. Classical artistic principles, including harmonious proportion, realistic expression, and rational postures, were followed. During this period to artistic regions of Western Europe were particularly active: Flanders and Italy. Almost all of the Early Renaissance art works in northern Europe were produced between 1420 and 1550.

48. -During this period to artistic regions of Western Europe were particularly active: Flanders and Italy. Almost all of the Early Renaissance art works in northern Europe were produced between 1420 and 1550. -Some of the early Renaissance artworks were the Dome of Florence Cathedral, designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, Expulsion from the Garden of Eden by Masaccio, Jacob and Esau Relief, Gates of Paradise by Lorenzo Ghiberti, Hubert and Jan van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece, The Adoration of the Kings (Monforte Altarpiece) by Hugo van der Goes, Primavera by Sandro Boticelli; The Birth of Venus by Sandro Boticelli, The Navity In The Lower Church, Assisi by Giotto di Bondone.  

49. HIGH RENAISSANCE PERIOD (c. 1490-1530) The period called the High Renaissance as between the span of the four decades from 1490 to the destruction of Rome in 1527. It represented the accepted peak or summit of Renaissance art. -Rome replaced Florence as the center point of the Renaissance because of the papal ambition to make Rome greater than its Florentine rival. The excessive patronage of Pope Julius II (1503-13) and Pope Leo X (1513-21) secured and retained the services of painters, like Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo, all of whom created oils and mural paintings of startling novelty, and architects, like Donato Bramante, a key figure in the redevelopment of St. Peter’s Basilica. The church was the major patron; thus, Christian art remained the major genre.

50. - Some of the best well- known masterpieces of High Renaissance painting included: Michelangelo’s Genesis Sistine Chapel frescoes ; Leonardo’s Virgin of the Rocks (1484- 6 Louvre, Paris), Lady with an Ermine (1490) Cyzartoryski Museum, Krakow, Last Supper (1495-8, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan) and Mona Lisa (1503-5, Louvre); Raphael’s Sistine Madonna (1513), Transfiguration (1518-20), Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (1514-15) and School of Athens (1509- 11), in the Raphael Rooms in the Vatican; and Titan’s Assumption of the Virgin (1518, S. Maria Gloriosa dei Frari)

51. The best High Renaissance sculpture included: Pieta (1500, St Peter’s, Rome) and David by Michelangelo (1501-4, originally located in the Piazza della Signoria, Florence, no in the city‘s Academy of Arts).

52. Mostly, the Mannerism painting was more artificial than natural as compared with the Renaissance painting. The end of the Renaissance as caused largely by the beginning of the Protestant Reformation that set off violent conflicts throughout Europe and eliminated much of the funding for art.

53. MANNERISM PAINTERS Among the finest Mannerist Artist were Michelangelo (1475-1564) noted for his Sistine Chapel frescoes, such as the Last Judgement (1536-41); Correggio ( 1489-1534), known for his sentimental narrative paintings and the first to portray light radiating from the child Christ; Andrea del Sarto ’s two pupils Jacopo da Pontormo (1494-1556) and Rosso Fiorentino (1494-1540); Parmigianino (1503-40), the influential master draftsman and portraitist from Parma; Agnolo Bronzino (1503-72), noted for his allegorical masterpiece known as An Allegory with Venus and Cupid (1540-50), National Gallery, London.

54. BAROQUE PERIOD

55. In Art, the term Baroque was taken from the Portuguese barocco meaning, “irregular pearl or stone” and originating in Rome, which spread during the period of 1590-1720. The style took in the idealism of the Renaissance (c.1400-1530) and the slightly forced nature of Mannerism (c.1530-1600). Baroque art showed the religious conflicts of the age, the desire of the Roman Catholic Church at the time to restate itself after the Protestant Reformation as annunciated at the Council of Trent. The term Baroque defined or intricate and highly detailed.

56. THE MASSACRE OF THE INNOCENTS BY: PETER PAUL RUBENS.

57. ECSTASY OF ST. TERESA BY BERINI

58. THE CRUCIFIXION OF SAINT PETER BY CARAVAGGIO

59. The development of the Baroque style was associated closely with the Catholic Church. Catholic inspired Baroque art served a propagandist role that tended to be large-scale works of public art, such a monumental wall paintings and huge frescoes for the ceilings and vaults of palaces and churches. Baroque paintings showed key elements of cCatholic beliefs. In baroque iconography the approach was direct, obvious, and dramatic, intending to appeal above all to the sense and the emotions. The Baroque style was known as Rococo in the later part of the period, a style known for its increasingly decorative and elaborate works. Famous Baroque artists included Pater Paul Rubens, Caravaggio and Rembrandt.