Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning unit 2
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Mar 03, 2025
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About This Presentation
AIML PPT
Slide Content
UNIT II
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
PROPOSITIONAL
LOGIC
LOGIC
PROPOSITIONAL
THEOREM PROVING
THEOREM PROVING
FORWARD CHAINING
* Forward chaining is also known as a forward deduction or forward reasoning
method when using an inference engine.
* Forward chaining is a form of reasoning, which start with atomic sentences in the
knowledge base, and applies inference rules (Modus Ponens) in the forward
direction, to extract more data until a goal is reached.
* It is a bottom-up approach, as it moves from bottom to top.
+ Itis a process of making a conclusion based on known facts or data, by starting
from the initial state and reaches the goal state.
* The Forward-chaining algorithm Starting from the known facts,
* it triggers the entire rules whose premises are satisfied,
* adding their conclusions to the known facts.
* The process repeats until the query is answered or no new facts are called.
* Forward chaining is also known as a forward deduction or forward reasoning
method when using an inference engine.
* Forward chaining is a form of reasoning, which start with atomic sentences in the
knowledge base, and applies inference rules (Modus Ponens) in the forward
direction, to extract more data until a goal is reached.
* It is a bottom-up approach, as it moves from bottom to top.
+ Itis a process of making a conclusion based on known facts or data, by starting
from the initial state and reaches the goal state.
* The Forward-chaining algorithm Starting from the known facts,
* it triggers the entire rules whose premises are satisfied,
* adding their conclusions to the known facts.
* The process repeats until the query is answered or no new facts are called.
BACKWARD CHAINING
+ Backward-chaining is also known as a backward deduction or
backward reasoning method when using an inference engine.
+ A backward chaining algorithm is a form of reasoning, which starts
with the goal and works backward, chaining through rules to find
known facts that support the goal.
+ It is known as a top-down approach.
+ Backward-chaining is based on modus ponens inference rule.
+ In backward chaining, the goal is broken into sub-goal or sub-goals to
prove the facts true.
* It is also called as goal-driven approach, as a list of goals decides
which rules are selected and used.
+ Backward-chaining is also known as a backward deduction or
backward reasoning method when using an inference engine.
+ A backward chaining algorithm is a form of reasoning, which starts
with the goal and works backward, chaining through rules to find
known facts that support the goal.
+ It is known as a top-down approach.
+ Backward-chaining is based on modus ponens inference rule.
+ In backward chaining, the goal is broken into sub-goal or sub-goals to
prove the facts true.
* It is also called as goal-driven approach, as a list of goals decides
which rules are selected and used.
AGENTS BASED
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC
FIRST ORDER LOGIC
FIRST ORDER LOGIC
FORWARD CHAINING
FORWARD CHAINING
FORWARD CHAINING
* Forward chaining is also known as a forward deduction or forward reasoning
method when using an inference engine.
+ Forward chaining is a form of reasoning, which start with atomic sentences in the
knowledge base, and applies inference rules (Modus Ponens) in the forward
direction, to extract more data until a goal is reached.
+ It is a bottom-up approach, as it moves from bottom to top.
* Itis a process of making a conclusion based on known facts or data, by starting
from the initial state and reaches the goal state.
* The Forward-chaining algorithm Starting from the known facts,
* it triggers the entire rules whose premises are satisfied,
* adding their conclusions to the known facts.
* The process repeats until the query is answered or no new facts are called.
* Forward chaining is also known as a forward deduction or forward reasoning
method when using an inference engine.
+ Forward chaining is a form of reasoning, which start with atomic sentences in the
knowledge base, and applies inference rules (Modus Ponens) in the forward
direction, to extract more data until a goal is reached.
+ It is a bottom-up approach, as it moves from bottom to top.
* Itis a process of making a conclusion based on known facts or data, by starting
from the initial state and reaches the goal state.
* The Forward-chaining algorithm Starting from the known facts,
* it triggers the entire rules whose premises are satisfied,
* adding their conclusions to the known facts.
* The process repeats until the query is answered or no new facts are called.
FIRST ORDER LOGIC
BACKWARD CHAINING
BACKWARD CHAINING
BACKWARD CHAINING
・Backward-chaining is also known as a backward deduction or
backward reasoning method when using an inference engine.
+ A backward chaining algorithm is a form of reasoning, which starts
with the goal and works backward, chaining through rules to find
known facts that support the goal.
+ It is known as a top-down approach.
+ Backward-chaining is based on modus ponens inference rule.
+ In backward chaining, the goal is broken into sub-goal or sub-goals to
prove the facts true.
* It is also called as goal-driven approach, as a list of goals decides
which rules are selected and used.
・Backward-chaining is also known as a backward deduction or
backward reasoning method when using an inference engine.
+ A backward chaining algorithm is a form of reasoning, which starts
with the goal and works backward, chaining through rules to find
known facts that support the goal.
+ It is known as a top-down approach.
+ Backward-chaining is based on modus ponens inference rule.
+ In backward chaining, the goal is broken into sub-goal or sub-goals to
prove the facts true.
* It is also called as goal-driven approach, as a list of goals decides
which rules are selected and used.
Example (Backward Chaining)
» "As per the law, it is a crime for an American to sell weapons to
hostile nations. Country A, an enemy of America, has some missiles,
and all the missiles were sold to it by Robert, who is an American
citizen."
* Prove that "Robert is criminal."
* To solve the above problem, first, we will convert all the above facts
into first-order definite clauses.
» "As per the law, it is a crime for an American to sell weapons to
hostile nations. Country A, an enemy of America, has some missiles,
and all the missiles were sold to it by Robert, who is an American
citizen."
* Prove that "Robert is criminal."
* To solve the above problem, first, we will convert all the above facts
into first-order definite clauses.
FIRST ORDER LOGIC
RESOLUTION
RESOLUTION
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