ARTIKEL PENELITIAN Research article tips

Research Article

1. ARTIKEL PENELITIAN ORIGINAL ARTICLE PELATIHAN PENULISAN ARTIKEL ILMIAH UNIT PUBLIKASI ILMIAH FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN GIGI UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN - 2025

2. JENIS-JENIS PUBLIKASI YANG DITERIMA OLEH JURNAL ILMIAH

3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan An original article is the product of original research “Original research articles are primary sources of scientific literature and present an original study. Authors have to conduct research on a particular topic through experiments, surveys, observation, etc. and report the findings of their study through original research articles” ARTIKEL PENELITIAN / ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE ?

4. Original research articles: Introduce an original research idea Report a new discovery Share new findings Establish older findings Propose a new theory Shed new light on an already explored topic

5. It is written by the researchers who actually conducted the study It has a definite structure It includes a hypothesis, research question, background study, methods, results and their interpretation, discussion, and conclusion It reports research findings It interprets the research findings and discusses possible implications Characteristics of an original research article

6. IMPORTANT STEPS IN THE RESEARCH WRITING PROCESS Before starting your research Choose the right research question Do a literature search After completing your research Structure your research article Format your paper

7. STEP 1 Read existing literature in your field Identify current problems in your area of interest Identify research gaps (i.e., is there an aspect no one has looked at?) Think about these problems/gaps (do you want to do anything about them?) Consult your advisor/supervisor before choosing a research question Check the feasibility of your idea (e.g., how practical/do-able it is, if you have enough time)

8. RESEARCH QUESTION VS RESEARCH PROBLEM?

9. unsur kebaruan atau keaslian dalam sebuah penelitian , menawarkan sesuatu yang baru , berbeda , atau belum pernah ada sebelumnya dalam bidang ilmu yang diteliti , menunjukkan bahwa penelitian tersebut memiliki nilai tambah , memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan bagi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan NOVELTY/KEBARUAN

10. NOVELTY DAPAT BERUPA : Temuan baru : Menemukan fakta , konsep , atau fenomena yang belum pernah terungkap sebelumnya . Pendekatan baru : Menggunakan metode , teknik , atau pendekatan yang berbeda dari yang sudah ada dalam penelitian sebelumnya . Aplikasi baru : Menerapkan konsep atau teori yang sudah ada pada situasi atau konteks yang baru dan berbeda . Pengembangan atau perbaikan : Memperbaiki kelemahan atau keterbatasan penelitian sebelumnya dengan menambahkan unsur baru atau inovasi .

11. Dengan adanya novelty, penelitian tidak hanya sekedar mengulang atau mereplikasi penelitian yang sudah ada , tetapi juga memberikan kontribusi yang orisinal dan bermanfaat bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan . Contoh : Topik baru : Meneliti dampak teknologi kecerdasan buatan pada bidang kesehatan yang belum banyak diteliti sebelumnya . Metode baru : Mengembangkan metode baru dalam analisis data big data yang lebih efisien dan akurat . Aplikasi baru : Menerapkan teori psikologi kognitif pada strategi pemasaran online untuk meningkatkan efektivitas kampanye

12. STEP 2 Do a literature search After choosing your research question, you need to start reading up. This will also help you understand how papers in your field are written TIPS for doing a literature search Read previously conducted research on same/similar topics Check citations in previous research papers, find more related studies and refer to them Don’t restrict yourself to journal articles: you can refer to books, conference proceedings, online databases, government reports, etc. Start listing citations you may include in your paper

13. STEP 3 Structure your research article Most original research articles include an Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion – also known as IMRAD TIPS For structuring your paper Title: Should be attractive & indicative Keywords: Should be relevant Abstract: Should describe your entire study at a glance Introduction: Should provide sufficient background about your work Methods: Should include details of all experiments conducted Results & discussion: Should answer the question you raised in the introduction Conclusion: Should include your findings Reference section: Should list every source Appendix: Should include additional data Acknowledgements: Should include all sources of support Footnotes: Should mention necessary additional information Tables, figures, graphs: Should be complete, clear, and attractive

14. COMPONENTS OF AN ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE The IMRAD Format for Scientific Papers Introduction: What was the question? Methods: How did you try to answer it? Results:What did you find? And Discussion:What does it mean?

15. (Title page with authors details) (Abstract) (Keywords) Introduction Methods Results Discussion (Acknowledgments) (References)

16. ABSTRACT TERSTRUKTUR TIDAK TERSTRUKTUR

17. IMRAD PATTERN

18. KEYWORDS Keberadaan kata kunci jelas membantu pembaca untuk menemukan informasi dengan lebih cepat , efisien , juga tepat . Think from the point of view of the reader. What keywords would the reader search for that would help retrieve your article? 2. Keywords should ideally be phrases of 2-4 words; single word keywords are acceptable, but they may lead to many false matches. 3. Keywords should contain words and phrases that suggest what the topic is about. Also include words and phrases that are closely related to your topic. (For example, if the paper is about heart diseases, use words like stroke, circulatory system, blood, etc. 4. Also use variants terms or phrases that readers are likely to use (For example, if the paper is about spine disorders, use words like spinal cord, vertebral column, backbone, etc.) 5. The full forms of shortened words or acronyms and abbreviations should be included as wel

19. Article Title Activated macrophages are essential in a murine model for T cell–mediated chronic psoriasis Versus Up-regulation of IL-7, stromal-derived factor-1a, thymus-expressed chemokine, and secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine gene expression in the stromal cells in response to depletion: implication for thymus “reconstitution”

20. Introduction Background information What have others done? Provide evidence: supported by limited number of relevant references. Purpose of study Why undertake this research? How does it relate to what has already been written? What is so different or special about your research? Should stimulate the readers interest

21. Common Mistakes* Overlong and rambling introduction section Extensive listing of references Extensive critique of others’ work Important previous work missing Objectives not clearly stated Inclusion of data or conclusions from the work being reported *Peh WC, Ng KH. Writing the introduction. Singapore Med J. 2008 ;49:756-7

22. MATERIALS AND METHODS Purposes of the M&M To allow others to replicate what you did In order to test it In order to do further research To allow others to evaluate what you did To determine whether the conclusions seem valid To determine whether the findings seem applicable to other situations

23. This study was a randomized controlled trial, double-blind, split-mouth design with a before-and-after treatment method. The study was conducted in a laboratory setting before and after treatment to determine the TAOC levels in gingival sulcus fluid. Statistical analysis in this study used SPSS-PC version 15.0. The study included 14 subjects with chronic periodontitis. The equipment and materials used included basic dental instruments, scaling and root planing instruments; paper points; instruments for TAOC analysis using an ELISA kit; and green tea gel in syringes. This study obtained approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee and Research Permission from the University of Padjadjaran Dental and Oral Hospital in Bandung and the Clinical Pathology Laboratory at Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung 1. Apa yang diperiksa ? 2. Parameter apa yang diukur ? 3. Bagaimana cara mendapatkannya ? 4. Apa kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi subjek ? 5. Bagaimana cara mengambil sampel ? 6. Berapa ml sampel yang diambil ? 7. Diambil dari mana? 8. Pasiennya didiagnosis apa ? 9. poketnya berapa ? 10. Bagaimana cara handling sampel ? 11. Dimana pemeriksaan sampel ? Bagaimana cara membuat gel ekstrak teh hijau ? 13.Bagaimana cara pengaplikasian gel teh hijau ? Bagaimana cara randomisasi alokasi perlakuan penelitian ? Bagaimana cara peneliti memastikan double-blind?

24. Methods: Basic Information to Include Overview of study design Identification of (if applicable) Equipment, organisms, reagents, etc used (and sources thereof) Populations Approval of human or animal research by an appropriate committee Statistical methods For well-known methods: name of method, citation of reference For methods previously described but not well known: brief description of method, citation of reference For methods that you yourself devise: relatively detailed description Should be written in past tense In some journals, may include subheads (which can help readers) May include tables and figures—for example: Flowcharts Diagrams of apparatus Tables of experimental conditions

25. RESULTS : The core of the paper Often includes tables, figures, or both Should summarize findings rather than providing data in great detail Should present results but not comment on them Use Past Tense Examples: A total of 417 patients showed ….. . ……..increased, but ……decreased. The average pocket depth was …… In all, 93% of the dental students and 77% of the medical students indicated that ….. . The difference in ….. was not statistically significant.

26. STEP 4 Format your paper Check the author guidelines of your target journal Follow the journal’s basic instructions Get these things right: File type (Word/LaTeX/PDF), Font type/size, layout, spacing, page margins, numbering, heading style, language style, word count, etc. Stick to the stipulated word count Check journal guidelines for specific sections, e.g., Title/Abstract Check your references Make sure that: All the in-text citations are included in the reference list Your reference list has been formatted as per the journal’s style In-text citations and references are complete and consistently styled Prepare accurate tables & figures Tables, figures, and graphs should be clear and in accordance with journal instructions (file size, image resolution, etc.)

27. Can original articles report negative results? YES! The results of a study can be positive (supporting the existing hypothesis about a topic) or negative (proving that the existing hypothesis about a topic is wrong). Negative results are as important as positive results and MUST be published. If your study has produced negative results, do not be afraid to publish them. Check whether your target journal is open to publishing negative results.

28. Common Mistakes Illogical sequence of data presentation Inaccurate data Repetition of data Misplaced information between the materials and methods and results sections Inappropriate presentation of data – overuse and abuse of tables and figures Attempts to draw conclusions – this should be covered in the discussion section

29. Discussion Most difficult part of a paper to write Do not repeat all data of the study Write in short paragraphs Do not let discussion get too long Should not exceed half the length of the whole article Often should begin with a brief summary of the main findings Typically should move from specific to general, rather like an inverted funnel (opposite of introduction) Should answer the question(s) stated in the introduction (or address the hypothesis /hypotheses stated in the introduction)

30. Relationship to findings of other research—for example: Similarities to previous findings (your own, others’, or both) Differences from previous findings Possible reasons for similarities and differences Applications and implications—for example: Possible uses of the findings (in health care, public policy, industry etc ) Strengths of the study For example, superior methods, extensive data Limitations of the study For example: small sample size, short follow-up, incomplete data, possible sources of bias, problems with experimental procedures Better to mention limitations than for peer reviewers and readers to think that you’re unaware of them

31. Common Mistakes! Repetition of data presented in the results section. Incorrect interpretation of the findings. Importance of results inadequately discussed or omitted. Conclusions not supported by findings. Irrelevant and faulty discussion points. Failure to identify any weakness. Omission of key and relevant references. Preferential quoting of references. Explanations are too long or verbose.

32. Acknowledgments Often optional A place to thank people who helped with the work but did not make contributions deserving authorship Permission should be obtained from people you wish to list Sometimes the place where sources of financial support are stated