As level biology cell membrane chapter notes

As level biology
Cell membrane.

1. Life at the Edge
•The plasma membrane is the boundary that
separates the living cell from its nonliving
surroundings
•The plasma membrane exhibits selective
permeability, allowing some substances to cross
it more easily than others

2. Figure 5.1
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and
proteins
•Phospholipidsare the most abundant lipid in the
plasma membrane
•Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules,
containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions
•The fluid mosaic model states that a membrane
is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various
proteins embedded in it

4. Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER
WATER

5. Hydrophilic region
of protein
Hydrophobic region of protein
Phospholipid
bilayer

6. The Fluidity of Membranes
•Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move
within the bilayer
•Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift
laterally
•Rarely does a molecule flip-flop transversely
across the membrane

7. Lateral movement
(~10
7
times per second)
Flip-flop
(~ once per month)
Movement of phospholipids

8. •As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a
fluid state to a solid state
•The temperature at which a membrane solidifies
depends on the types of lipids
•Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are
more fluid than those rich in saturated fatty acids
•Membranes must be fluid to work properly; they
are usually about as fluid as salad oil

9. Fluid
Unsaturated tails prevent
packing.
Cholesterol
Viscous
Saturated tails pack
together.
(a) Unsaturated versus saturated hydrocarbon tails
(b) Cholesterol reduces
membrane fluidity at
moderate temperatures,
but at low temperatures
hinders solidification.

10. ViscousFluid
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
tails with kinks
Membrane fluidity
Saturated hydro-
carbon tails

11. •The steroid cholesterol has different effects on
membrane fluidity at different temperatures
•At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol
restrains movement of phospholipids
•At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by
preventing tight packing

12. Cholesterol
Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane

13. •Some proteins in the plasma membrane can drift
within the bilayer
•Proteins are much larger than lipids and move
more slowly

14. Membrane proteins
Mixed
proteins
after
1 hourHybrid cell
Human cell
Mouse cell

15. Membrane Proteins and Their Functions
•A membrane is a collage of different proteins
embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer
•Proteins determine most of the membrane’s
specific functions
•Peripheral proteins are not embedded
•Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core
and often span the membrane

16. Fibers of
extracellular
matrix (ECM)
Glycoprotein
Carbohydrate
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton
Cholesterol
Integral
protein
Peripheral
proteins
CYTOPLASMIC SIDE
OF MEMBRANE
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Glycolipid

17. •Integral proteins that span the membrane are
called transmembrane proteins
•The hydrophobic regions of an integral protein
consist of one or more stretches of nonpolar
amino acids, often coiled into alpha helices

18. EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE
N-terminus
C-terminus
CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE
aHelix

19. •Six major functions of membrane proteins:
–Transport
–Enzymatic activity
–Signal transduction
–Cell-cell recognition
–Intercellular joining
–Attachment to the cytoskeleton and
extracellular matrix (ECM)

20. Enzymes
Signal
Receptor
ATP
Transport Enzymatic activitySignal transduction

21. Glyco-
protein
Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joiningAttachment to the
cytoskeleton and extra-
cellular matrix (ECM)

22. The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell
Recognition
•Cells recognize each other by binding to surface
molecules, often carbohydrates, on the plasma
membrane
•Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently
bonded to lipids (forming glycolipids) or more
commonly to proteins (forming glycoproteins)
•Carbohydrates on the external side of the plasma
membrane vary among species, individuals, and
even cell types in an individual

23. Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes
•Membranes have distinct inside and outside faces
•The asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids
and associated carbohydrates in the plasma
membrane is determined when the membrane is
built by the ER and Golgi apparatus

24. Plasma membrane:
Cytoplasmic face
Extracellular face
Transmembrane
glycoprotein
Plasma membrane:
Secreted
protein
Vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
Glycolipid
Secretory
protein
Transmembrane
glycoproteins
ER

25. Membrane structure results in selective
permeability
•A cell must exchange materials with its
surroundings, a process controlled by the plasma
membrane
•Plasma membranes are selectively permeable,
regulating the cell’s molecular traffic

26. The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
•Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as
hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer
and pass through the membrane rapidly
•Polar molecules, such as sugars, do not cross
the membrane easily

27. Transport Proteins
•Transport proteins allow passage of hydrophilic
substances across the membrane
•Some transport proteins, calledchannel proteins,
have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules
or ions can use as a tunnel
•Channel proteins called aquaporinsfacilitate the
passage of water

28. •Other transport proteins, called carrier proteins,
bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle
them across the membrane
•A transport protein is specific for the substance it
moves

29. Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a
membrane with no energy investment
•Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to
spread out evenly into the available space
•Although each molecule moves randomly,
diffusion of a population of molecules may exhibit
a netmovement in one direction
•At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules
cross one way as cross in the other direction

30. Molecules of dyeMembrane (cross section)
WATER
Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium
Diffusion of one solute

31. •Substances diffuse down their concentration
gradient, the difference in concentration of a
substance from one area to another
•No work must be done to move substances down
the concentration gradient
•The diffusion of a substance across a biological
membrane is passive transport because it
requires no energy from the cell to make it happen

32. Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium
Diffusion of two solutes
Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

33. Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance
•Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
•The direction of osmosis is determined only by a
difference in totalsolute concentration
•Water diffuses across a membrane from the
region of lower solute concentration to the region
of higher solute concentration

34. Lower
concentration
of solute (sugar)
Higher
concentration
of sugar
Same concentration
of sugar
Selectively
permeable mem-
brane: sugar mole-
cules cannot pass
through pores, but
water molecules can
H
2O
Osmosis

35. Water Balance of Cells Without Walls
•Tonicityis the ability of a solution to cause a cell
to gain or lose water
•Isotonic solution:solute concentration is the
same as that inside the cell; no net water
movement across the plasma membrane
•Hypertonic solution:solute concentration is
greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
•Hypotonic solution:solute concentration is less
than that inside the cell; cell gains water

36. •Animals and other organisms without rigid cell walls
have osmotic problems in either a hypertonicor
hypotonicenvironment
•To maintain their internal environment, such
organisms must have adaptations for
osmoregulation, the control of water balance
•The protist Paramecium,which is hypertonic to its
pond water environment, has a contractile vacuole
that acts as a pump

37. Filling vacuole
50 µm
50 µm
Contracting vacuole

38. Water Balance of Cells with Walls
•Cell walls help maintain water balance
•A plant cell in a hypotonic solution swells until the wall
opposes uptake; the cell is now turgid(firm)
•If a plant cell and its surroundings are isotonic, there is
no net movement of water into the cell; the cell
becomes flaccid(limp), and the plant may wilt
•In a hypertonic environment, plant cells lose water;
eventually, the membrane pulls away from the wall, a
usually lethal effect called plasmolysis

39. Animal
cell
Lysed
H
2O H
2O H
2O
Normal
Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution
H
2O
Shriveled
H
2OH
2OH
2OH
2OPlant
cell
Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed

40. Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by
Proteins
•In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins speed
movement of molecules across the plasma
membrane
•Channel proteins provide corridors that allow a
specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane
•Carrier proteins undergo a subtle change in
shape that translocates the solute-binding site
across the membrane

41. EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Channel protein Solute
CYTOPLASM

42. Carrier protein
Solute

43. Active transport uses energy to move solutes
against their gradients
•Facilitated diffusion is still passive because
the solute moves down its concentration
gradient
•Some transport proteins, however, can move
solutes against their concentration gradients

44. The Need for Energy in Active Transport
•Active transport moves substances against
their concentration gradient
•Active transport requires energy, usually in the
form of ATP
•Active transport is performed by specific proteins
embedded in the membranes
•The sodium-potassium pump is one type of
active transport system

45. Cytoplasmic Na
+
bonds to
the sodium-potassium pump
CYTOPLASM
Na
+
[Na
+
] low
[K
+
] high
Na
+
Na
+
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
[Na
+
] high
[K
+
] low
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
ATP
ADP
P
Na
+
binding stimulates
phosphorylation by ATP.
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Phosphorylation causes
the protein to change its
conformation, expelling Na
+
to the outside.
P
Extracellular K
+
binds
to the protein, triggering
release of the phosphate
group.
P
P
Loss of the phosphate
restores the protein’s
original conformation.
K
+
is released and Na
+
sites are receptive again;
the cycle repeats.

46. Diffusion Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport
ATP
Active transport

47. Maintenance of Membrane Potential by Ion Pumps
•Membrane potential is the voltage difference
across a membrane
•Two combined forces, collectively called the
electrochemical gradient, drive the diffusion of
ions across a membrane:
–A chemical force (the ion’s concentration
gradient)
–An electrical force (the effect of the
membrane potential on the ion’s movement)

48. •An electrogenic pump is a transport protein that
generates the voltage across a membrane
•The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and
bacteria is a proton pump

49. H
+
ATP
CYTOPLASM
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Proton pump
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–

50. Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane
Protein
•Cotransportoccurs when active transport of a
solute indirectly drives transport of another solute
•Plants commonly use the gradient of hydrogen
ions generated by proton pumps to drive active
transport of nutrients into the cell

51. H
+
ATP
Proton pump
Sucrose-H
+
cotransporter
Diffusion
of H
+
Sucrose
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–

52. Bulk transport across the plasma membrane
occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
•Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell
through the lipid bilayer or by transport proteins
•Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and
proteins, cross the membrane via vesicles

53. Exocytosis
•In exocytosis, transport vesicles migrate to the
membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
•Many secretory cells use exocytosis to export their
products

54. Endocytosis
•In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules
by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
•Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis, involving
different proteins

55. •Three types of endocytosis:
–Phagocytosis(“cellular eating”): Cell engulfs
particle in a vacuole
–Pinocytosis (“cellular drinking”): Cell creates
vesicle around fluid
–Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Binding of
ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation

56. Phagocytosis
Food
vacuole
“Food”
or other
particle
CYTOPLASM
Pseudopodium
Solutes
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Pseudopodium
of amoeba
An amoeba engulfing a bacterium
via phagocytosis (TEM)
Bacterium
Food vacuole 1

m

57. Pinocytosis
Plasma
membrane
Coat
protein
Coated
pit
Coated
vesicle
Pinocytotic vesicles forming
(TEMs)
0.25

m

58. Top:A coated pit Bottom:A coated
vesicle forming during receptor-
mediated endocytosis (TEMs)
0.25

m
Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis
Receptor
Plasma
membrane
Coat
protein

59. Animations and Videos
•How Diffusion Works
•Diffusion
•Osmosis
•Bozeman -Osmosis Demo
•Bozeman -Diffusion Demo
•Plasmolysis
•Hemolysis and Crenation
•Contractile Vacuole

60. Animations and Videos
•Bozeman -Water Potential
•How Facilitated Diffusion Works
•Sodium-Potassium Pump Exchange
•Bozeman -Transport Across Cell Membrane
•Cotransport
•Proton Pump
•Amoeboid Movement
•Second Messengers (cAMP and Ca+2
Pathways)

61. Animations and Videos
•Chemical Synapse –1
•Chemical Synapse –2
•Voltage-Gated Channels and the Action
Potential
•Clathrin-Coated Pits and Vesicles
•Receptors Linked to a Protein Channel
•Passive Transport
•Active Transport by Group Translocation

62. Animations and Videos
•Secondary Active Transport
•Organization of the Golgi
•Antiport
•Uniport...Carrier Protein
•Gated and Non-gated Channels
•Symport
•Cellulose Synthesis during Elongation
•Signal Transduction Pathway

63. Animations and Videos
•Signaling by Secreted Molecules
•Signal Transduction
•2nd Messenger
•Signal Amplification –1
•Signal Amplification –2
•Cotranslational Targeting of Secretory Proteins
to the ER
•Mechanism of Tyrosine Kinase

64. Animations and Videos
•Chapter Quiz Questions –1
•Chapter Quiz Questions -2