Atelectasis ppt.pptx COLLAPSE OF LUNG (partial or complete)

Atelectasis is the partial or complete collapse of alveoli in a part or entire lung, leading to decreased gas exchange and hypoxemia

1. YOGITA VERMA MSC(N) MEDICAL SURGICAL DEPARTMENT

2. Term Atele -  = incomplete,  -ectasis  = expansion →  “Incomplete expansion of lung or alveoli.” Definition (Standard): Atelectasis is the partial or complete collapse of a lung or a segment of a lung due to failure of alveoli to expand or due to absorption of air from al veoli. INTRODUCTION

3. 🫁 Atelectasis Definition ➡️  Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of alveoli, leading to reduced or absent gas exchange in part or all of a lung. It causes hypoventilation → hypoxemia (↓ oxygen in blood) .

4. Type Mechanism Example Obstructive (Resorptive) Airway obstruction → trapped air absorbed → alveolar collapse Mucus plug, tumor , foreign body Compressive External pressure on lung Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax , tumor Adhesive Loss of surfactant ARDS, neonatal RDS Contraction (Cicatricial) Fibrosis causes lung scarring & shrinkage Pulmonary fibrosis, TB Passive Due to shallow breathing or immobility Postoperative patients

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Airway Obstruction / Compression / Surfactant Loss ↓ ↓ Air entry to alveoli ↓ Alveoli collapse (Atelectasis) ↓ ↓ Gas exchange → ↓ PaO ₂ ↓ Hypoxemia → Dyspnea → Cyanosis

6. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT/DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION History:  recent surgery, immobility, anesthesia, chest pain, or mucus retention. Inspection:  ↓ chest movement on affected side. Auscultation:  ↓ or absent breath sounds. Percussion:  dullness over collapsed area. Signs of hypoxia:  restlessness, cyanosis, tachypnea, tachycardia.

7. MANAGEMENT Medical Management Oxygen therapy  — correct hypoxemia Bronchodilators & Mucolytics  — clear secretions Antibiotics  — prevent or treat infection Chest physiotherapy  — percussion, vibration, postural drainage Hydration  — to thin mucus (2–3 L/day if not contraindicated) Pain control  — allows deep breathing

8. COMPLICATIONS Hypoxemia → hypoxia Pneumonia  (stagnant secretions) Lung abscess Pulmonary fibrosis Respiratory failure  (if extensive or untreated)

9. Mnemonics for Quick Recall Atelectasis Core Mnemonic – “ COLLAPSE” Meaning C Cough & deep breathing O Oxygen therapy L Lung expansion exercises L Liquefy secretions (hydration) A Ambulate early P Position changes S Suction secretions E Evaluate breath sounds regularly

10. key Takeaways Point Summary Definition Collapse of alveoli causing impaired gas exchange Common in Postoperative & immobile patients Patho basis Airway obstruction or surfactant deficiency Main sign Decreased breath sounds, hypoxemia Diagnosis Chest X-ray Nursing focus Prevention via early ambulation & spirometry Complication Pneumonia, respiratory failure