Atomic Spectroscopy.Its ability to provide unique spectral fingerprints for different elements makes it invaluable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Atomic spectroscopy is a versatile and essential tool in analytical chemistry, enabling the precise detection and quantification of elements across a wide range of applications. Its ability to provide unique spectral fingerprints for different elements makes it invaluable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.

1. Atomic Spectroscopy.

2. CONTENTS : Advantages and Limitations of AAS. Atomic Spectroscopy based on plasma sources Introduction & Principle. Instrumentation & Applications. 2

3. 3 What is AAS ? Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS )  It is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of an element by measuring the amount of light (intensity of light) that is absorbed. When sample is treated at high temperature the molecules get splitted into form of ions,this process is called as atomization. A t a characteristic wavelength when it passes through a cloud of atoms of element which is formed by atomization the light get absorbed.

4. 4 Typical calibration curve for an element measured by AAS. As the number of atoms in the light path increases, the amount of light absorbed increases in a predictable way. It makes transition to higher electronic energy level t herefore, using AAS, you can measure for a specific element in a material, based on the amount of light absorbed at a defined wavelength, which corresponds to the known characteristics of the element you are testing for. It is easy to use , AAS is used in metallaurgy , food and beverage, water, clinical research, and pharmaceutical analysis.

5. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry : Advantages of AAS The Advantages of include high sensitivity and high selectivity, multi-element capability that analyzes any element from sodium to uranium in a single spectrum [10], it has non-destructive proton beam that preserves sample after analysis. High Sample Fast and easy To use Inexpensive Technique 5 Limitations of AAS Basically it is only good for metals, non-metals have to be analyzed indirectly. Multiple elements can not be detected at once A Separate lamp for an each element required. Limit types of cathode lamp ( expensive ) It can not determine Si like elements cause they form an oxide in flame,

6. 6 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Based On Plasma. Atomic emission spectroscopy uses quantitative measurement of the optical emission from excited atoms to determine analyte concentration. Analyte atoms in solution are aspirated into the excitation region where they are desolvated , vaporized, and atomized by a flame, discharge, or plasma. These high-temperature atomization sources provide sufficient energy to promote the atoms into high energy levels. The atoms decay back to lower levels by emitting light. The spectra of multi-elemental samples can be very congested, and spectral separation of nearby atomic transitions requires a high-resolution spectrometer. Since all atoms in a sample are excited simultaneously, they can be detected simultaneously. Introduction :

7. 7 Fundamental : The excitation & fall back to the ground state of an atoms occurs, this phenomenon emits the light i.e a photon of the same energy is emitted when the electron falls back down to its original orbit. That photon describes the concentration of solution. Step-1 Step-2 Step-3

8. 8 Plasma is generated by heating ordinary matter to high temperatures, and is comprised of ions, atoms, and charged particles. As there is high energy within plasma, the atoms and ions present are in excited electronic states. When these relax, light is emitted. These wavelengths are unique to each atom or ion present. There are classified in types : I nductively-coupled plasma (atom and ion source), M icrowave plasma (atom and ion source), D irect-current plasma (atom and ion source). Principle :

9. 9 1- I nductively-coupled plasma : Principle : When each element emits energy at specific wavelengths peculiar to its atomic character. The energy transfer for electrons when they fall back from excitation state to ground state is unique to each element as it depends upon the electronic configuration of the orbital. The energy transfer is inversely proportional to the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. It is optical emission spectroscopy use as analytical technique to determine how much certain elements is in sample.

10. 10 [ ICP TORCH ] PLASMA PASSING I nductively-coupled plasma

11. 11 Plasma generated in a device called a Torch up to 1" diameter. Argon cools outer tube, defines plasma shape Rapid tangential flow of argon cools outer quartz and centres plasma. Rate of Argon Consumption 5 - 20 L/Min. Instrumentation& Working : Radio frequency (RF) generator 27 or 41 MHz up to 2kW Teals coil produces initiation spark at side of torch due to this ions and electrons interact with magnetic field and begin to flow in a circular motion.

12. 12 The atom of the sample collide with energetically excited argon and form atomic and ionic spectra , which is carried out to photoelectric tube by mirorrs . Grating is installed next to mirorrs which is movable that helps to separation of lines. Digital device is connected to photomultiplier tube, which converts light signal to electrical signal. Scanning channel added to detector that allows the measurements

13. 13 2) MICROWAVE PLASMA Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is an atomic emission technique. It uses the fact that once an atom of a specific element is excited, it emits light in a characteristic pattern of wavelengths. an emission spectrum, as it returns to the ground state. Sources for atomic emission include the microwave plasma (MP) is high temperature source the nitrogenfuelled microwave plasma reaches temperatures nearing 5,000 K. At these temperatures, atomic emission is strong, producing excellent detection limits and linear dynamic range for most elements. Samples are typically nebulized prior to interaction with the plasma in MP-AES measurements.The atomized sample passes through the plasma and electrons are promoted to the excited state.The light emitted electrons return to the ground state light is separated into a spectrum and the intensity of each emission line measured at the detector. Principle :

14. 14 3) Direct current plasma Principle : A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. It is created by an electrical discharge between two electrodes.Insulating solid samples are placed near the discharge so that ionized gas atoms sputter the sample into the gas phase where the analyte atoms are excited. The direct current plasma is created by the electronic release of the two electrodes. The samples are placed on an electrode. In the technique solid samples are placed near the discharge to encourage the emission of the sample by the converted gas atoms. It is optical emission spectroscopy use as analytical technique to determine how much certain elements is in sample.

15. 15 It utilizes three electrodes to produce a plasma stream.by continuous electrical discharge between two electrodes to vaporize and excitation of analyte. The most common three-electrode DCP apparatus consists of two  graphite   anode  blocks and a  tungsten   cathode  block arranged in an inverted-Y arrangement. An argon gas source is situated between the anode blocks and argon gas flows through the anode blocks. The argon plasma stream is produced by briefly contacting the cathode with the anodes. temperatures at the arc core exceed 8000 K. Instrumentation :

16. 16 Sample insert from the anodic site where the atom of the sample collide with energetically excited argon and form atomic and ionic spectra. In DCP optical viewing region is below the anodic site where emitted light can measures by photoelectric tube and that photoelectric tube convert the photon signal into electrical signal. The electrical signal is read by detector attached to the system of DCP which describe the spectrum lines . USES : Identification of boron in tissue and cell. Analysis of trace metals of cows. Synthesis of carbon nano fibres .

17. 17 Applications : Plasma source is rich in characteristic emission lines which useful both qualitative & quantitative elemental analysis In industry :- It is use for extractive metallurgy. It is useful in surface treatment such as plasma spraying as well as metal cutting & welding. Product manufactured using plasma impact our daily lives like :- Aircraft & automobile engine parts. Audio & video tapes Computer chips & integrated circuit . Anti-scratch & antiglare coating on eyeglasses In research plasma columns to radiofrequency antennas.

18. 18 Referance https://www.lenntech.com https://Wikipedia.com https://www.researchgate.net https://chem.libretexts.org https://www.sciencedirect.com

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