ATOMS AND ELEMENTS - PHYSICAL SCIENCE (PPT)

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, consisting of a nucleus made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Elements are pure substances composed of only one type of atom, each defined by its unique number of protons, known as the atomic number. Understanding the structure and properties of atoms and elements is fundamental to the study of chemistry and physics, as they determine the behaviour of matter in all its forms.

1. ATOMS AND ELEMENTS Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Senior High School Osmena Ave., Victorias City Negros Occidental Physical Science UNIT 2: How the idea of the atom, along with the idea of the elements evolved Prepared By: Lord William B. Pacurib, LPT

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS How the concept of the atom evolved from Ancient Greek to the present How the concept of the element evolved from Ancient Greek to the present Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer

3. OBJECTIVES Describe the ideas of the Ancient Greeks on the atom (S11/12PS-IIIa-b-5) Describe the ideas of the Ancient Greeks on the elements (S11/12PS-IIIa-b-6) Describe the contributions of the alchemists to the science of chemistry (S11/12PS-IIIb-7) Point out the main ideas in the discovery of the structure of the atom and its subatomic particles (S11/12PS-IIIb-8) Cite the contributions of J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, and Niels Bohr to the understanding of the structure of the atom (S11/12PS-IIIb-9) Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer

4. OBJECTIVES Describe the nuclear model of the atom and the location of its major components (protons, neutrons, and electrons) (S11/12PS-IIIb-10) Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory (S11/12PS-IIIb-11) Write the nuclear reactions involved in the synthesis of new elements (S11/12PS-IIIb-12) Cite the contribution of John Dalton toward the understanding of the concept of the chemical elements (S11/12PS-IIIc-13) Explain how Dalton’s theory contributed to the discovery of other elements (S11/12PS-IIIc-14) Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer

5. THE GREEK CONCEPTION OF THE ATOM Back in ancient Greece, around 400 BC, a guy named Democritus came up with this wild idea about the smallest, tiniest bits of everything in the universe. He called them "atoms," which in Greek means "indivisible." Basically, Democritus thought that everything around us, whether it's air, water, or even humans, is made up of these tiny, invisible particles called atoms. Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer

6. THE GREEK CONCEPTION OF THE ELEMENTS Earth: They believed earth was heavy and solid, making up things like rocks and dirt. Water: Water was seen as wet and fluid, forming lakes, rivers, and seas. Air: Air was light and invisible, filling up the space around us. Fire: Fire was hot and transformative, seen in flames and as a source of energy. Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer The Ancient Greeks had also an idea about everything being made up of four basic elements. They thought that these elements were the building blocks of everything in the universe.

7. CONTRIBUTION OF ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY Alchemy was a blend of science, philosophy, and mysticism practiced mainly during the Middle Ages. Alchemists sought to transform base metals (like lead) into noble metals (like gold), discover a universal cure for diseases, and find the elixir of life for immortality. Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer What is Alchemy?

8. CONTRIBUTION OF ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY Alchemists were the pioneers of many techniques we still use in chemistry today. For example: Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer Development of Laboratory Techniques Distillation: Separating liquids based on their boiling points. Filtration: Removing solids from liquids. Sublimation: Changing a substance from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state. Crystallization: Forming solid crystals from a solution.

9. CONTRIBUTION OF ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY Alchemists discovered many substances that are now common in chemistry, such as: Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer Discovery of Substances Acids: Strong liquids that can dissolve metals (like sulfuric acid). Bases: Substances that can neutralize acids (like lye). Alcohols: Like ethanol, used in drinks and as a solvent.

10. CONTRIBUTION OF ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY While alchemists were wrong about turning lead into gold, they did pave the way for understanding that substances can be broken down into simpler forms. They worked with what they called the "four elements" (earth, air, fire, water), which, though incorrect, inspired the search for true elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and iron. Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer The Concept of Elements

11. CONTRIBUTION OF ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY While alchemists were wrong about turning lead into gold, they did pave the way for understanding that substances can be broken down into simpler forms. They worked with what they called the "four elements" (earth, air, fire, water), which, though incorrect, inspired the search for true elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and iron. Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer The Concept of Elements

12. CONTRIBUTION OF ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY Alchemists were among the first to use systematic experiments to test their theories. This approach is the bedrock of the scientific method used in chemistry and other sciences today. Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer Experimental Approach Philosophical Influence Alchemy wasn't just about experiments. It was also about understanding the nature of matter and transformation. This philosophical thinking led to the idea that substances are made of atoms and molecules, a fundamental concept in modern chemistry.

13. CONTRIBUTION OF ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY They invented or improved many tools used in laboratories, such as: Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer Instruments and Tools Flasks and beakers: For mixing and heating substances. Funnels: For pouring liquids without spilling. Mortar and pestle: For grinding solids into powders.

14. MODELS OF THE ATOM Main Idea: The modern quantum model describes that electrons don't orbit the nucleus in fixed paths but are found in "clouds" where they are likely to be. Simple Explanation: The idea now is that the electrons are not on fixed shelves but are buzzing around in a cloud around the core, and you can only guess where they might be at any given time. Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias , Inc. – Integrated School Bringing Quality Education Closer The Modern Quantum Model