Atropine slideshare

ATROPINE- Introduction, brand name, pharmacological name, available forms, route of administeration , CNS, acetyl choline function, classification, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics,indications, contraindications, precautions, side-effects, nursing responsibility and patient education

1. DRUG PRESENTATION ATROPINE SULPHATE Ms. Ritu Ahirwal

2. INTRODUCTION Atropine is a medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate and to decrease saliva production during surgery. It is typically given intravenously or by injection into a muscle. Eye drops are also available which are used to treat uveitis (inflammation of the iris, choroid and sclera) and early amblyopia (impaired or dim vision). The intravenous solution usually begins working within a minute and lasts half an hour to an hour. Large doses may be required to treat some poisonings.

3. B RAND NAME| GENERIC NAME: Atropen , Daturin PHARMACOLOGICAL NAME: Atropine sulfate

4. A VAILABLE FORMS Atropine sulfate is available in the form of: Injection form Tablet form Ophthalmic ointment Ophthalmic solution

5. ROUTEOF ADMINISTRATION: Routes of administration are: Mouth Intravenous Intramuscular Rectal

6. CENTRLAL NERVOUS SYSTSEM

7. Sympathetic Nervous System

8. Parasympathetic Nervous System The parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in gastrointestinal tract.

9. Acetylcholine Function Acetylcholine is the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate.

10. CLASSIFICATION : Antimuscarinic ( Anticholinergic ) PHARMACODYANIMICS Antiarrhythmic action: It blocks the effects of acetylcholine on the SA and AV nodes, thereby increasing SA and AV node conduction velocity. These changes result in an increased heart rate (both atrial and ventricular).

11. Anticholinergic action : As a cholinergic blocking agent, atropine decreases the action of the parasympathetic nervous system on certain glands (bronchial, salivary, and sweat), resulting in decreased secretions. It also decreases cholinergic effects on the iris, ciliary body, and intestinal and bronchial smooth muscle.

12. Respiratory system Atropine causes relaxation of upper respiratory tract muscles and inhibition of secretary function of bronchi. Atropine prevents bronchospasm. Gastrointestinal tract Atropine inhibits motor activity of GIT and secretary function Atropine significantly decreases salivation which results in dryness of mouth, difficulties in swallowing and speaking. Atropine decreases tonus of intestine gall bladder, stomach and inhibits peristalsis

13. Urogenital Tract Atropine relaxes smooth muscles of urinary bladder and prolongs the period urination and can provoke development of urine retention. Eye Atropine by blocking the circular muscles of pupil, causes mydriasis (dilation of pupil).

14. Antidote for cholinesterase poisoning: Atropine blocks the cholinomimetic effects of these pesticides.

15. PHARMACOKINETICS:- Absorption: I.V. administration is the most common route for bradyarrhythmia treatment. With endotracheal administration, atropine is well absorbed from the bronchial tree; drug has been used in 1-mg doses in acute bradyarrhythmia when an I.V. line hasn’t been established. Distribution: Well distributed throughout the body, including the CNS. Only 18% of drug binds with plasma protein (clinically insignificant).

16. Metabolism: Metabolized in the liver to several metabolites. About 30% to 50% of a dose is excreted by the kidneys as unchanged drug. Excretion: Excreted primarily through the kidneys; however, small amounts may be excreted in the feces and expired air.

17. INDICATIONS : Symptomatic bradycardia Preoperatively for diminishing secretions and blocking cardiac vagal reflexes. insecticide poisoning. Bronchospasm Acute iritis , uveitis . Cycloplegic refraction.

18. CONTRAINDICATIONS Hypersensitivity Glucoma Pyloric stenosis Thyrotoxicosis Fever Urinary tract obstruction

19. PRECAUTIONS Take this drug with food Avoid alcohol Keep the drug out of reach of children Store drug at 59° to 86° F (15° to 30° C) and protect from heat, light, and air. Take some rest when taking this drug as it may cause blurry vision, fainting and disorientation.

20. SIDE- EFFECTS/ADVERSE EFFECTS CNS: headache, restlessness, disorientation, hallucinations, insomnia, dizziness, excitement, confusion, especially in geriatric patients CV: palpitations and bradycardia following low-dose atropine, tachycardia after higher doses

21. SIDE- EFFECTS/ADVERSE EFFECTS EENT: photophobia, increased intraocular pressure, blurred vision, mydriasis , cycloplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscles) GI: dry mouth, thirst, constipation, nausea, vomiting GU : urine retention, impotence

22. SIDE- EFFECTS/ADVERSE EFFECTS Hematologic: leukocytosis Skin: dryness Other: severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis and urticaria

23. NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES Start with a test dose. Monitor vital signs of the patient every 2 hourly Monitor patient’s fluid intake and output as the drug causes urine retention. If possible, patient should void before taking drug. Watch closely for urine retention in elderly men with BPH.

24. NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES Assess the patient for adverse effects after administration. Report side effects immediately to the consultant if any. Give the drug with food. Monitor temperature in infants and children for "atropine fever".

25. PATIENT EDUCATION RELATED TO DRUG Avoid Alcohol consumption Take this drug with food Report serious adverse reactions promptly. Avoid hazardous activities until blurry vision subsides

26. PATIENT EDUCATION RELATED TO DRUG Ease photophobia by wearing dark glasses. If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Avoid OTC drugs Take your medicine on time and as advised by the doctor.

27. REFERENCES : http://www.PDR.net http://www.Rxlist.com http://www.drugs.com http://www.paediatriconcall.com http://www.glowm.com