Automatic processing of X-ray film.pptx

An X-ray film automatic processor is a device designed to move medical X-ray films from one solution to the next, in the film development process, without the need for human intervention except to insert a film or cassette

1. Automatic processing of X-ray film Md. Rony Ibne Masud Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202

2. Introduction X-ray film processing refers to the series of steps that converts the latent image into the visible radiographic image The radiographic image is produced by the interaction of x-rays with photographic emulsion on a film after passing through an object And ultimately the captured invisible image converted into visible form of image The main objectives is to- Visible image formation To remove all unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals from the emulsion Prevention of image permanently for later correspondent

3. Types of processing A. Manual processing Visual Method Time Temperature method B. Automatic processing

4. Manual processing Visual method : This is carried out in a dark room with safe lighting conditions. This method consist of several steps; Developing the film Rinsing Fixing Washing Drying

5. Manual processing Time temperature method : Immersing the film into the developer and kept at a constant temperature for a fixed duration of time. Temperature Development time 65 °F 6 Minutes 68 °F 5 Minutes 70 °F- 72 °F 4 Minutes 76 °F 3 Minutes

6. Automatic processing In automatic processing machines, the exposed film is fed at one end and it passes successively through- Developer Fixer Water and Drier The roller system has a squeezing action; the developing solution absorbed by the gelatin of the emulsion will be less as it is transported from the developer to the fixer. The automatic processing machines make use of roller system for the transport of film. The film comes out through the other end of the processor, processed, dry, and ready for viewing .

7. Objectives of Using Automatic X-ray film processing method: M ake the development of high quality X-rays M ove X-ray films from one solution to the next, in the film developing process, without the need for human intervention S hortens the overall processing time E nsures less variability of overall film quality than manually processed films I ncreases the number of films that can be processed in a given period the processing time, solution temperature, and chemical replenishment are automatically controlled

8. Steps of automatic film processing

9. Developing First step of processing of the radiograph It amplifies the latent image by 100,000,000 It convert invisible image into visible image It is the process of chemical reaction where the reduction is achieved by the developer donating electrons to silver ions. Ag⁺+ Electron Ag The agent used in the stages are- Solvent: Water, Gelatin, calcium salts Developing agents: Phenidone , Hydroquinone, Metol

10. Developing Accelerators: Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Borates Buffers: Carbonate Anti fogging: Potassium bromide, Benzotriazole Preservatives: Sodium Sulphite Hardeners: Glutaraldehyde Sequencing agents: EDTA

11. Rinsing Removed the developer solution; Gelatin Reduces the speed of development It takes around 30 seconds

12. Fixing It is the complete process of hardening of the film emulsion The major constituents of fixing solutions are:- Solvent: Water Fixing agents: Cyanides, Thiosulfates Acid: Acetic acid Hardener: Aluminium chloride, Aluminium sulfate Buffer: Sodium Acatate Preservatives: Sodium sulfate Antisludging agents: Boric acid

13. Washing & Drying Wash & Dry after developing and fixing Washing removes the thiosulfate complex

14. The automatic film processor

15. Parts of a automatic film processor

16. Parts of a automatic film processor

17. Systems of an Automatic Processor The Film feed section Transport system Temperature control system Recirculation system Replenishment system Dryer system Electrical system

18. Temperature control system Maintains the below temperature: Processing Temperatures Developer 35 °C Fixer 35 °C Wash 32-35 °C Dryer 57 °C

19. Processing times Processing Times(seconds) Developer 20-25 Fixer 20 Wash 20 Dryer 20-30 Travel time 10 Total time 90

20. Advantages and disadvantages Advantages: Faster Density and contrast is constant Time and temperature controlled Produce dry radiograph immediately Disadvantages: Artifacts caused by rollers Expensive and require maintenance