Autonomous vehicles

The ethics of autonomous vehicles

1. VISHNU M S8 M2 Roll.No-60 The Ethics Of Autonomous vehicles DRIVERLESS CARS

2. Autonomous Vehicles Defined Vehicle that get from one point to another point without human supervision “Cars that drive itself “ Inspired by the efforts, the electric utility company, Central Power and Light Company, launched an advertorial that was posted on many leading newspapers throughout 1956 and 1957 and predicted autonomous cars

3. Why Autonomous ? Auto m obi l es play a significant role in our l i ves and a f fo r d many benefits to society. But no other invention in the history of civilian technology has caused as much harm as the automobile. Every 30 seconds, someone dies in a traffic accident, Nearly 1.3 million people die in road crashes each year, on average 3,287 deaths a day. An additional 20-50 million are injured or disabled. Road traffic crashes rank as the 9th leading cause of death and account for 2.2% of all deaths globally Human error is the cause of over 90% of automobile accidents

4. The Technology of the Autonomous Car Self driving- vehicle can drive it’s own Auto pilot –Assist the driver during driving Anti-Lock Brakes-Warns or takes action in case of danger ,apply brake automatically Adaptive cruise control-Car stays a safe distance behind cars ahead of it Lane-departure warning system –always keeps lane ,can take over lazy or inattentive drivers Intelligent parking-automatically parks in the parking lot Blind spot monitoring - Warns if cars are in blind spots Video

5. Components The Lidar System GPS Radar sensors Ultrasonic Sensors Video Cameras Central Computer

6. GOOGLE SELF DRIVING CAR -WAYMO The software powering Google's cars is called Google Chauffeur.

7. The Lidar System The Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) which is mounted on the roof of the vehicle is the most important device in the Autonomous vehicles This laser allows the vehicle to generate a detailed 3D map of its environment The LIDAR consists of an emitter, mirror and receiver. The emitter sends out a LASER beam that bounces off a mirror that is rotating along with the cylindrical housing at 10 revolutions per minute. After bouncing off objects, the LASER beam returns to the mirror and is bounced back towards the receiver, where it can be interpreted into data. The vehicle can then generate a map of its surroundings and use the map to avoid objects.

8. GPS To obtain macro location –accuracy up to 2-3 metres A GPS is used, just like the satellite navigation systems in most cars, to get a rough location of the car, also radar, lasers and cameras take over to monitor the world around the car, 360-degrees for more precise location

9. RADAR Radars are fitted in the bumpers at front The radar chirps between 10 and 11 GHz over a 5 millisecond period, transmitting the radar signal from a centrally located antenna cone, Two receive cones, separated by approximately 14 inches, receive the reflected radar energy Traditional RADAR sensors are used to detect dangerous objects in the vehicle’s path that are more than 100 meters away. Accident-Prevention systems trigger alerts when they detect something in a car’s blind spot

10. VIDEO CAMERAS Used for near vision A camera mounted near the rear-view mirror/windshield build a real-time 3D images of the road ahead, spotting hazards like pedestrians and animals It is also used to identify road signs, markings and traffic signals .

11. ULTRA SONIC SENSORS I t is used to measure the position of objects very close t o th e ve h icle , suc h a s c u r b s a n d oth e r ve h icl e s wh e n parking Keep track of the movements of the car and will alert the car about the obstacles in the rear. Cars that offers automatic ‘Reverse Park Assist’ technology utilize such sensors to help navigate that car into tight reverse parking spots. These sensors get activated when the car is engaged in the reverse gear These sensors provide input to a number of different automotive systems including the anti-lock brake system and electronic stability control.

12. CENTRAL COMPUTER The software can recognise objects, people, cars, road marking, signs and traffic lights, and safely navigate around them It works based on machine learning technology Information from all the sensors is analysed by a central computer , based on the information received the software takes self driving decisions such as steering, accelerator and brakes. Programme to interpret the common road signs - Predetermined shape and motion descriptors are programmed into the system to help the car make intelligent decisions eg - if a cyclist gestures that he intends to make a manoeuvre, the driverless car interprets it correctly and slow down to allow the cyclist to turn.

13. How it work ? 1.Computer vision –where we are in the world 2.Narrow down the exact position 3.To chart the course –trajectory 4.To move the vehicle

14. Rivalry MERCEDEZ BENZ F015 NISSAN

15. TOYOTA LEXUS TESLA MODEL S AUDI DELPHI Other Competitors : GM, Ford, Volvo , Toyota, Honda ,Cadillac

16. Pros Increased road Safety –Very less chances of accidents Reduced traffic congestion ,almost zero commute Beneficial for disabled peoples ,as they no longer need a driver to take them out Less need of law enforcement – No over speeding or accidents Smoother ride – Relief of vehicle occupants from driving and navigation Removal of constraints on occupants' state Reduction of space required for vehicle parking Decreased emissions Personal savings –No need to own private vehicle as AV’s will be readily available anywhere, anytime

17. Cons Job loss in taxi industry Costly technology Less revenue from speeding ,parking tickets Prone to cyber attacks software reliability Awkward designs Requires a rapid change in fabrication technologies

18. The ethical dilemma of self driving cars

19. Weigh the pros and cons of each potential outcome to determine the net change in overall welfare Random Outcome Generator Consider user safety first What do you choose to do?

20. Tesla CEO, Elon Musk, expects true autonomous driving by 2023. “In 5 or 6 years we will be able to achieve true autonomous driving where you could literally get in the car, go to sleep and wake up at your destination” Google self driving car -In 2012, Google founder Sergey Brin stated that Google Self-Driving car will be available for the general public in 2020 MERCEDEZ F015 will be road ready by 2030 By 2040, we estimate  that 95% of vehicles will be autonomou s

21. Internet of connected things - cars, communicating with each other and with the larger world, will not only reduce accidents but also ease traffic Ride sharing will be a blessing for the auto industry cars will be a space to consume media, conference, and make calls Cars won’t have steering wheel, pedals, side mirrors There won’t be driving schools and diving licence A final thought for those of us who love to drive and dread the thought of an autonomous car: You’ll have your chance to drive, but it will become a hobby, like horseback riding

22. References AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES AND ENERGY IMPACTS :A SCENARIO ANALYSIS Catherine Ross , Subhrajit Guhathakurta AUTONOMOUS OR DRIVER-LESS VEHICLES: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES AND OPERATIONAL CONCERNS Neda Masouda,⁎, R. Jayakrishnanb AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES’ DISENGAGEMENTS: TRENDS, TRIGGERS, AND REGULATORY LIMITATIONS Francesca Favaròa,b,⁎, Sky Eurichb, Nazanin Naderba Department of Aviation and Technology, San Jose State University MODELLING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS INVOLVING AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES : A STATE OF THE ART Jaâfar Berradaa*, Fabien Leurentb BRANDON , JOHN. "The New Cruise Control." Inc 37.1 (2015): 88-94. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Apr. 2015 . PULTAROVA, TEREZA. "Self-Driving Self-charging Electric Cars Ready to Roll." Engineering & Technology (17509637) 9.12 (2015): 10. Academic Search Complete . Web. 1 Apr. 2015. "The Road To Self-Driving Cars." Consumer Reports 79.4 (2014): 16-20. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Apr. 2015 .