AV AIDS PPT.pptx

AUDIO - VISUAL AIDS

1. WELCOME

2. INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA IN NURSING EDUCATION PREPARED BY – SUHEL KHAN M.SC. NSG. (MSN)

3. Audio-visual aids, audio-visual material, audio-visual media, communication technology, educational instructional media; and learning resources-all these terms, broadly speaking, means the same thing. Earlier the term used was audio-visual aids in education. Audio Visual aids are methods of communicating with people. Audio aids communicate ideas through the ears to the mind. There are varieties of audiovisual aids which can be used. The aids include films, slides, videos, overhead projection, books, photographs, models and charts.

4. “Audio- Visual Aids can be any device which can use to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and dynamic”. - Kinder S James “Audio- Visual Aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning”. - Burton.

5. Improve and make teaching effective. Enable the audience to look listening and learn. Make learning interesting and profitable. Quicken the phase of learning. Economics teacher’s effort. Develop the knowledge. Add newness & Variety to the lesson, provides vicarious experience. Bring expected behavioral changes among the learners. Stimulate curiosity.

6. Increase and sustain attention and concentration. Save time and energy. Stimulate thinking and motivation. Change attitude or point of learners. Develop quantity of thought. Contribute to growth or clear understanding increases vocabulary development. CONTI…..

7. They should be meaningful & purposeful. They should be accurate in every respect. They should be simple. They should be cheap. As far as possible, they should be improvised. They should be large enough to be properly seen by the students for whom they are meant.

8. Aid must be easy to see and understand. Simple and direct. Easy to handle and transport Emphasizes the key point Good working condition Accurate Conveys up to date ideas Encourage the viewers to eye your ideas.

9. Avoid over-writing Letters should be neat, clear, easy to hold, visible, simple words, leave the space between letters give gaps between words to word. By seeing the visual aids, the learner should get interest, positive attitude. Select the colors which are natural of related items, appealable, attractive, clear and visible, appropriate to the picture. CONTI…..

10. PRINCIPLE OF SELECTION PRINCIPLE OF PREPERATION PRINCIPLE OF PRESENTATION PRINCIPLE OF RESPONSE PRINCIPLE OF EVALUATION PRINCIPLE OF PRESERVATION

11. VISUAL AIDS NON-PROJECTED AIDS PROJECTED AIDS

12. AUDIO AIDS These are also an effective aid, usually radios, recorders, gram phones come under this category. Radio Tape recorder Gramophone Voice mail

13. Projected Aids Non Projected Aids Graphic Aids Display Boards 3 Dimensional aids Audio Aids Activity Aids 1. Films 2. Film strips 3. Opaque Projector 4. Over Head Projector 5. Slider 1. Cartoons 2. Charts 3. Comics 4.Diagrams 5. Flash Cards 6. Graphs 7. Maps 8. Photo graphs 9. Pictures 10. Posters 1. Black Boards 2. Bulletin 3. Flannel Board 4. Magnetic Board 5. Peg Board 1. Diagrams 2. Models 3. Mockups 4. Objects 5. Puppets 6. Specimens Radio Tape recorder Gramophone Voice mail 1. Computer assisted instruction 2. Demonstration 3. Dramatic 4. Experimentation 5. Field trips 6. Programmmed Instruction 7. Teaching Machines VISUAL AIDS: PROJECTED AND NON PROJECTED AIDS-

14. VISUAL AIDS PROJECTED AIDS DEFINITION : Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a screen by use of a certain type of machine such as a filmstrip projector, slide projector, overhead projector or TV/VCR. VALUES OF PROJECTED VISUALS Provides greater enjoyment in learning Stimulates more rapid learning Makes teaching situation adaptable to wider range Compels attention Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects Brings distant past and the present into the classroom Provides an easily reproduced record of an event Influences and changes attitudes

15. PROJECTED A.V. AIDS

16. 1.OVER HEAD PROJECTOR: The over head projector is a device for projecting a matter, which is written or drawn on transparent sheet of acetate on to a screen. An OHP consists of a metal box with a 1000 watt bulb and a concave reflector, a condenser lens illuminates the transparency placed on the glass sheet on the top of the box.

17. METHOD OF PREPARING TRASPARENCY:- Various methods are used to prepare a transparency. They include: Hand drawn transparency: as the name include, using marker pens the required material is either hand drawn or written. The marker pens are available in water soluble forms or permanent form. Permanent link can be erased by using spirit such as after shave, whereas soluble link needs only a wipe with a damp cloth. Photographic transparency: employing reflex printing, negative or reflex printing paper can be made, where some complicated drawing is pictured. With these negatives, positives can be printed on sensitized positive acetate.

18. PREPARATION OF OHP TRANSPARENCIES Transparencies should be simple , preferably expressing a single concept on one sheet Letters should not be less than 6 mm in size. Simple lettering style should be used for writing Figures and diagrams are to be relevant to the content Only key messages should be emphasized; overcrowding should be avoided Using different colors may attract student’s attention There should be no more than 6 words in each line and no more than 8 lines in each transparency. Leave margin at each end of the acetate

19. PRECAUTIONS Do not keep the bulb on for a long time, it can overheat the projector and damage the acetate transparencies as well as the bulb. Switch off the bulb after every 5- 10 min of use of the projector keeping the blower for some time. Do not shift the overhead projector when the bulb is on as the filament of the bulb may break due to jerks during shifting. Do not keep the OHP too low, as it will make the image distorted.

20. ADVANTAGES It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus enabling her to point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials at the projector itself and at the same time, to observe the students reactions to her discussion. Gains attention of the student. The use of OHP can be quite cheap as transparencies can be used repeatedly. With an OHP, the teacher is always facing the students keeping on eye contact which is not possible with other projection equipments. Save time and energy. Transparencies is less pollutant and less strenuous than using a chalkboard.

21. DISADVANTAGES Non-availability of teaching material. It is difficult to transport. It is not possible to use outside the classroom. When the projector is not in use it should be covered so that no dust gets disposed on its lenses and bulb which will make image on screen dull. Do not keep the bulb on for a long time, it can overheat the projector and damage the transparencies as well as the bulb switch off the bulb after every 5 to 10 minutes of use of the projector.

22. AFTERCARE OF THE EQUIPMENT Collect the transparencies and preserve them for further use. Nerve moves the machine, while the lamp is still hot. Clean the lens with a moist pad detergent cleaner . Cover the OHP and keep it safely.

23. OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and easy to prepare and easy to operate with the over head projector which is light weight.

24. 2. THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR The projection of real magnified images on a screen directly from pictures and drawings on paper is called opaque projections. Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of materials ex: - book pages, objects, coins, postcards, or any other similar flat material that is non-transparent.

25. The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the originals, printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence derived by the teacher. It requires a dark room, as projector is large and not reality movables.

26. ADVANTAGES Stimulates attention and arouses interest. Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when one copy is available. Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps. Does not require any written or typed materials, hand-written material can be used. Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period. Flat specimen like coins, cloth pieces, leaves etc can also be projected during lessons. Because of possibilities of enlargement, the opaque projector can be seen conveniently by a large number of students. Review instructional problems. Test knowledge and ability. Simple operation.

27. DISADVANTAGES Costly equipment. Needs to use it with care. Need a dark room for projection.

28. 3. SLIDE PROJECTOR A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare.

29. ADVANTAGES Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory. Results in colorful, realistic, reproduction original subject. Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses. Easy to revise and up-date. Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for various uses.

30. 4. FILMSTRIPS Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on 35mm film. A tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip. Each strip contains from 12 to 18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.

31. TYPES OF FILMSTRIP :- Discussion filmstrip : I t is continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles. Sound slide film : I t is similar to filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.

32. ADVANTAGES: Are compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence. Can be supplemented with recordings. Are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required. Are useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by instructor or user.

33. 5.LCD PROJECTOR An LCD (liquid-crystal display) projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface. The LCD projected used in a variety of situation for numerous different purpose.

34. ADVANTAGES LCD technology is designed to project bright, clear and vivid image. LCD projector faithfully reproduce the visible color spectrum to deliver a true expression of color, with smooth gradations in the dark and light areas.

35. DISADVANTAGES Clarity and visibility of the projected images are reduced when used in well-lit environment. Smooth, white, flat surface is required to project. Projectors do not have self- playing capacity. It requires input from the computer. Expensive. Technical knowledge and skill is essential to use the projector effectively. Video output alone presented and requires audio supplementation by the presenter.

36. NON-PROJECTED A.V. AIDS

37. NON-PROJECTED AIDS Non projected aids are those that do not require the use of audiovisual equipment such as a projector and screen. Included in this category are charts, graphs, maps, illustrations, photographs, brochures, and handouts. They are all much the same except that study prints are mounted and curriculum oriented. USES OF NON-PROJECTED AIDS Educators, scholars and students may use or display non projected images in connection with lectures or presentations in their field. It motivates the students. It presents matter symbolically. It presents abstract , ideas in visual forms. It creates problems and stimulates thinking

38. CHARTS Presenting factual information by teachers in the form of charts also develops learner’s. Ability to comprehend given ideas and information. Preparing a chart may reduce chalk-board activities. Charts are the graphic teaching materials, it can be defined as illustrative visual media for depicting a logical relationship between main ideas and supporting facts.

39. TYPES OF CHARTS Tree chart Chain chart Stream chart Tabular chart Flow chart Organization chart Genology chart Narrative chart Time chart

40. Flip Charts A set of chart related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages or sequence. The salient points of specific topic will be presented.

41. CHALK BOARD The most commonly available aid in the classroom situation is the blackboard. Now since boards are available in many colors, such as green, white etc, we can call them chalk-boards. These can be used for writing words and summaries or drawing pictures, diagrams, maps, etc. They can be used again and again, as they can be easily cleaned with a duster.

42. MAGNETIC BOARD A magnetic chalk board is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating in some dark color generally black or green. A magnetic chalk board can be used in: To write with chalk sticks, glass marking crayons and pencils. To display pictures, cut-outs and light objects with disc magnets or magnetic holders.

43. BULLETIN BOARDS A bulletin board is the display board which shows the visual learning materials in specific subject. It is usually in the form of a framed soft board, or cork-board with the help of thumb tacks. Bulletin boards have a blue blazer cloth to work as the back- drop and their most recommended size is 1.5mx 2m.

44. POSTERS Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with attention capturing paintings. A poster may be used for- Advertising an event and products Campaigning for a cause Giving a directive Popularization a slogan Drawing attention towards desirable actions and values .

45. HANDOUT / HANDBILL ---- The briefing of a session in a single sheet. Use simple, clear language with short sentences. If needed sketches graphs should be drawn and labeled. Give title or subtitle, underlines the keywords. Handout may be given well in advance to orient interested group about the purpose, aims and objectives of the presentation or after completion of presentation to leave a record of lesson and follow up.

46. NEWSPAPERS – The newspaper furnishes many examples which can be used to introduce lessons. Health messages can be published in local languages which can reach to the public easily. The information is available in low cost, easy to read in local languages.

47. PAMPHLETS --- Paper can be folded into two or three or five, the matter will be printed either single sides or both sides.

48. LEAFLETS — Single sheet of paper to make a full page of printed matter on single side.

49. FLASHCARDS Small compact cards which flash before the class to bring ant ideas. 10-12 inches or 20-28 inches in size. Used to small group not over 30. Provides variety and activity in the class. The message can be in brief, it may be simple line drawing photographs of cartoons and the content will be written in few lines at the back of each flashcard. 10-12 cards for one talk can be used Prepare a picture for each idea. It can be used either individually or in combination with other charts.

50. GRAPHS ---- Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical information and contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes. Graphs make presentation of quantitative data interpretable and readily understood.

51. TYPES OF GRAPH: -BAR GRAPH -LINE GRAPH -PIE GRAPH -PICTORIAL GRAPH

52. The three dimensional Aids Globes – They are three dimensional representation of the earth in a spherical manner. We can see the physical unity of the world, the relation of one part to all rest and the direction of one part of the world relative to another.

53. Dioramas ---- It is a three dimensional arrangement of related objects models and cutouts to illustrate central theme or concept. The objects are generally places in a big box or a showcase with a glass covering and a background painted with a shade or a classroom for students to have a close look at it in relation to an instructional segment.

54. Cartoons ---- It is the metaphorical presentation of reality. The logic of cartoon lies in implication. It is simple clear which tells the stories without too much explanation the symbol used should be familiar and represent an idea. A cartoon is a figurative and subtitle graphic add.

55. Puppets ------ One of the old and popular arts in Indian villages have been puppetry. Puppets can serve as an effective add to learning. They can be made to illustrate lessons. Events of tales in an interesting and vivid manner, if they are accompanied by effective narratives. It is necessary to have a great deal of action in puppetry as well as plenty of dancing .

56. Comic Strip - A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of picture or sketches of some character and events full of action. This medium of communication is found very interesting and exiting by children. For telling stories, historical events, life histories, scientific process etc.

57. ABSTRACT Statement: Effectiveness of Audio-Visual Aids in Medical Education. Background: The advancement of various audio-visual (AV) aids in the present era has led to progressive changes in education. Uses of AV aids play a key role in medical education to learn and understand a particular topic. As the subject of anatomy involves more of illustrations and demonstrations, AV aids become essential in conveying the necessary information. Therefore the present study aims to assess the students’ perspective about the use of AV aids in teaching anatomy.

58. Material and methods: The present cross sectional study was carried out involving 189 first year MBBS students. The students were asked to put forth their preferences for the different AV tools that would help them to understand the subject better. A questionnaire was therefore constructed accordingly and was distributed to the students at the end of the academic year 2013-14. The responses ranged from strongly disagree to strongly agree with a score of 1-5. The results were expressed in percentages and were tabulated.

59. Results and conclusion : The most common AV aid preferred was PowerPoint but the combination of aids was also suggested that would make an impact in effective learning. The present study not only assesses the effectiveness of the AV aids used in teaching Anatomy but also highlights the students’ valuable opinions and ideas which could be implemented in future for active learning.