AVR_ Microcontroller_Muhammad Ali_Mazidi_AVR_Lecture1_Fall2023

AVR Microcontroller Muhammad Ali Mazidi

1. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Introduction to ComputingIntroduction to Computing
Chapter 1Chapter 1
The AVR microcontroller
and embedded
systems
using assembly and c

2. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Introduction to ComputingIntroduction to Computing
•To understand the software and hardware of a microcontroller-based system, one must
first master some very basic concepts underlying computer architecture.
•The fundamentals is numbering and coding system are presented, and overview of
logic gates is given.
•Numbering and coding Systems
•base 10 (decimal) arithmetic
•base 2 (binary)
•base 16 (Hexadecimal)

3. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.

4. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
•ASCII
•The discussion so far has revolved around the representation of number systems.
Because all information in the computer must be represented by 0s and 1s, binary
patterns must be assigned to letters and other characters. In the 1960s a standard
representation called ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
was established. The ASCII (pronounced "ask-E") code assigns binary patterns from
numbers 0 to 9, all letters of the English alphabet, both uppercase (capital) and lower
case and many control codes and punctuation marks.
•The ASCII system uses a total of 7 bits to represent each code. For example, 100
0001 is assigned to upper case letter "A" and 110 0001 is for lowercase "a". Often a
zero is placed in the most significant bit position to make it an 8-bit code.

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BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
•Decoders
•Flip flops

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BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
6

7. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
7

8. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
8

9. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
9

10. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
10

11. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
11

12. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
12

13. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
13

14. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Memory characteristicsMemory characteristics
•Capacity
–The number of bits that a memory can store.
•E.g. 128 Kbits, 256 Mbits
•Organization
–How the locations are organized
•E.g. a 128 x 4 memory has 128 locations,
4 bits each
•Access time
–How long it takes to get data from memory
…
4 bits
1
2
8

lo
c
a
t
io
n
s
0
1
2
127

15. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.

16. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Semiconductor memoriesSemiconductor memories
•RAM
–SRAM (Static RAM)
–DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
–NV-RAM (Nonvolatile RAM)
•ROM
–Mask ROM
–PROM (Programmable
ROM)
–EPROM (Erasable
PROM)
–EEPROM (Electronic
Erasable PROM)
–Flash EPROM

17. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Memory Address DecodingMemory Address Decoding
•There are three ways to generate a memory block selector:
•(a) using simple logic gates
•(b) using 74LS138
•(c) using Programmable logic such as CPLD and FPGA
•Simple Logic Gates

18. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
•Example of the shown figure shows that A15 - A12 must be 0011 in order to select the
chip. This results in the assignment of addresses 3000H to 3FFFH to this memory chip
•74LS138 Decoder

19. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.

20. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
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21. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
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22. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
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23. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
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24. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
24

25. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
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26. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
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27. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
27

28. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
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29. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.

30. www. Mi cro D igit al Ed. com
BIH E universit y
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Questions and AnswersQuestions and Answers
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