BACK-FORMATION II.pptx

semantics

1. SEMANTICS BACK-FORMATION Compiled by Group 8: Annisa Rizki Amaliah (E1D 111 008) Auliadinati Annieta J. (E1D 111 014) Baiq Fatma Amalia (E1D 111 017) Baiq Lisdiana Apriani (E1D 111 018) Class: V/A (noon class)

2. OUTLINE The Meaning of Back-Formation The difference between Back-Formation & Clipping The Period of Back-Formation The process of Back-Formation The types of Back-Formation The Result of Back-Formation Back formation and comic effect (Humorous) Additional information of Back-Formation Conclusion References

3. The Meaning of Back-Formation Back-formation is a type of word formation in which a new word created by removing an affix from an already existing word. In etymology, back-formation is the process of creating a new lexeme by removing actual or supposed affixes . The resulting neologism is called a back-formation, a term coined by James Murray in 1889. Back-formation may change the part of speech or the word's meaning,

4. The Period of Back-Formation The term back-formation goes back to at least the 1880s. However, the actual process of back-formation in English started long before that. For example, the verb laze emerged as a back-formation of the adjective lazy clear back in the 1500s. Pea came from pease about the early 1600s. Scavenge came from scavenger later in the 1600s. Donate back-formed from donation in the 1700s. Back-formation has remained a popular way of creating new words ever since those early years.

5. Back-Formations and Mistakes Backformation is generally the result of a false but plausible morphological analysis of the word; resurrect  resurrect ion typewrite  typewrit er televise  televis ion beg  begg ar peddle  Peddl er swashbuckle  swashbuckl er. asset  asset s escalate  escalat or swindle  swindl er

6. The process of Back-Formation By removing the prefix from the originating word e.g. couth  uncouth , gruntle  disgruntle , and kempt  unkempt , pervious  impervious, chalant  nonchalant ), ept  inept ), sheveled  disheveled ), etc. b. By removing the suffix from the originating word e.g. analyze  analysis, cobble  cobbler, eponym  eponymous, partake  partaker, Enthuse  enthusiasm peddle  peddler, resurrect  resurrection, sculpt  sculptor, upholster  upholsterer, etc. kidnap  from kidnapper Another large group consists of those with a deleted -y . Examples: flab (from flabby ), funk (from funky ), jell (from jelly), sleaze (from sleazy ), sulk (from sulky ). and upholster (from upholstery ).

7. Types of Back-Formation Back-Formation based on a simple word (in the sense of a one-root word) Beggar N  Beg V Liaison N  Liaise V Destruction N  Destruct V Back-Formation involving a compound-form base. Baby- sitter N  baby- sit V Brainwashing N  brainwash V Jam- packed A  jam- pack V S elf-destruction N  Self-destruct V

8. The result of Back-Formation Back-formation changes the part of speech or the word's meaning Noun  Verb Adjective → Noun Administration N  Administrate V Greedy  greed Automation N  automate V Paramedical  paramedic Editor N  edit V Sleazy  sleaze Adverb → Adjective Noun → Adjective Sideling  sidle Homesickness  homesick Darkling  darkle Greensickness  greensick Gingerly  ginger Gullibility  gullible Plural → Singular Biceps -> bicep Assets -> asset

9. Back formation and comic effect (Humorous) Apart from filling lexical gaps, it can also be used for great comic effect. Creating new words by non-standard derivation is an important part of punning. E.g. A friend complained recently that he had been asked to be an usher at a third wedding this year. He exclaimed indignantly: 'Do I look like a man who likes to ush ? Do they think I enjoy ushing ?!' Comedians use it too. An old favorite is the joke which goes 'Do you enjoy Kipling ?' and the answer comes 'I can't rightly say. I've never kipled '. By Oscar Wilde : 'Do you have anything to declare ?' and he replies 'How can I? I haven't clared anything yet?'.

10. Additional information of Back-Formation The analysis showed that most back-formations are nouns and verbs. In great majority of cases back-formation is dominated by deleting the suffix of the source word. (Adams, 105), Verbs created by backformation usually have regular past forms. Many back-formations are formed from words ending in - tion , such as automate and deconstruct Often back-formations start out colloquial and still sound strange for a while before they become commonly known words.

11. Conclusion Back-formation is creating a new word (neologism) by removing an affix from an already existing word whereby some new words are back-formed due to misidentified affixes. The actual process of back-formation in English started long before 1880s. The process of it is either by deleting the prefix or the suffix of the original word form. It changes the part of speech or the word's meaning. It can also be used for creating a humorous speech. Most back-formations eventually take their place among other standard terms, though they are often initially met with skepticism. To know which word came first can be answered from a study of their etymology.

12. References Adams, Valerie, Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation. Longman, Harlow 1988. Akmajian , A., R. Demers, and R. Harnish , Introduction to Language and Communication. Cambridge, The MIT press, 1984. Laurel J. Brinton, The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction . John Benjamins , 2000. www.bartleby.com/185/27/html