Baheda by anup ray

pharmacognosy related

1. BAHEDA PRESENTED BY ANUP KUMAR RAY B.PHARM. 3 rd YEAR Dr. K. N. M. I. P. E. R. PHARMACOGNOSY

2. INTRODUCTION In Sanskrit Baheda is known as karshaphala , kalidruma and vibhitaki . Its fruits are mainly used for preparing various drugs. It is a deciduous tree with average height of 30m. The bark is brownish grey in color. The leaves are elliptical in shape and are 10-12cm long. The fruits are ovoid in shape and the kernels are sweet in taste.  

3. Synonyms - Beleric myrobalan - Bahera - Bibhitak - Bayada .

4. Biological Source It consists of dried ripe fruits of the plant Terminalia belerica Linn, belonging to family Combretaceae .

5. Geographical Source The tree is found in all decidous forests of India, up to an altitude of 1000 m. It is found in abundance in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Maharashtra, and also in Sri Lanka and Malaya.

6. Cultivation & Collection

7. Morphology

8. Colour - Fruits are dark brown to black. Odour - None Taste - Astringent Shape - Strips, flakes or coarse powder Size - 1.3 to 2 cm in length. Shape - Fruits are globular and obscurely five-angled

9. Microscopy Transverse section shows an outer epicarp consisting of a layer of epidermis, most of the epidermal cells elongate to form hair like protuberance with swollen base; next to epidermis it contains a zone of parenchymatous cells, slightly tangentially elongated and irregularly arranged. Stone cells of varying shape and size are present in between these parenchymatous cells. Mesocarp traversed in various directions by numerous vascular bundles collateral, endarch ; simple starch grains and rosettes of calcium oxalate crystals are present in parenchymatous cells.

10. Chemical Constituents Bibhitaka fruits contain several p hytochemical (chemical compounds that occur naturally in plants) constituents, such as:- beta- sitosterol , gallic acid ellagic acid ethyl gallate galloyl glucose chebulagic acid & a cardiac glycoside, bellaricanin . These chemicals give bibhitaka its therapeutic values.

11. The fruits contain about 20 to 30% of tannins and 40 to 45% water-soluble extractives. It contains colouring matter. The seeds contain nonedible oil . The plant produces a gum . It also contains most of the sugars as reported in myrobalan .

12. Uses

13. Bahera is used as an astringent and in the treatment of dyspepsia and diarrhoea . It is a constituent of triphala . The purgative property of half ripe fruit is due to the presence of fixed oil. The oil on hydrolysis yields an irritant recipe. Gum is used as a demulcent and purgative. Oil is used for the manufacture of soap .

14. Marketed Products It is the chief component of the preparation known as Sage triphala syrup (Sage Herbals), for relieving habitual constipation .

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