BAMBOO AND MUD CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES & DETAILS

BAMBOO AND MUD CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND DETAILS IARE EXPLAINED IN PRESENTATION

1. THRUST AREA BAMBOO AND MUD CONSTRUCTION SHEFALI GOSWAMI 9 B 1632781053

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION USE OF BAMBOO IN CONSTRUCTION ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO BASIC PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF BAMBOO WITH CONCRETE SOME PART OF DESIGN CASE STUDIES CONCLUSION REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION TO BAMBOO Bamboo is a woody grass. It is the fastest-growing woody plant in the world. Some species of bamboo grow so fast you can almost see them grow. Bamboos are some of the fastest growing plants in the world. They are capable of growing 60  cm or more per day. However, the growth rate is dependent on local soil and climatic conditions. Bamboo are found in diverse climates, from cold mountains to hot tropical regions. They occur across East Asia, through to Northern Australia, and west to India and the Himalayas.

4. In bamboo, the inter nodal regions of the stem are hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement.

5. MAJOR BAMBOO GROWING REGIONS / STATES AREA Gross ( % ) Share North East 28.0 66 Madhya Pradesh 20.3 12 Maharashtra 9.9 5 Orissa 8.7 7 Andhra Pradesh 7.4 2 Karnataka 5.5 3 Other States 20.2 5 (Kerala, UP, Jharkhand, West Bengal) India is h ome to almost 45 % of world's bamboo forests 4.5 M tons annually produced from 8.96 m ha . BAMBOO RESOURCES IN INDIA

6. ADVANTAGES OF USING BAMBOO

7. ADVANTAGES Low-cost and environment friendly. Light weight compared to steel. Shock absorbing and thus earthquake resistant. It uses less fossil fuel to manufacture. Bamboo can prevent pollution by absorbing large amounts of nitrogen from waste water and reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. Its abundance in tropical and subtropical regions makes it an economically advantageous material.

8. USE OF BAMBOO IN CONSTRUCTION

9. USE OF BAMBOO IN CONSTRUCTION Scaffolding Reinforcement Roofing Walling Doors & Windows

10. BASIC PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO

11. TENSIL STRESS AND UNIT WEIGHT The common tensile stress in steel reinforcement is 160 N/mm 2 and in bamboo 370 N/mm 2 . The mass per volume of steel is 7850 kg/m 3 and of bamboo is about 500-600 kg/m 3 . Evidently bamboo will be cheaper because the price of bamboo per weight will be less than half that of steel.

12. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY The cellulose fibers in bamboo act as reinforcement similar to reinforcing steel bars in concrete. The distribution of these fibers increases from the inside to the outside. The E-modulus for cellulose is 70 000 N/mm 2 and about 50 % of the cross-section of the fiber is cellulose; the E of the fiber is 35 000 N/mm 2 . In most bamboos, fibers constitute about 60 % on the outside and 10 % on the inside.

13. The density of the fibers in the cross-section of a bamboo shell varies along its thickness. This presents a functionally gradient material, evolved according to the state of stress distribution in its natural environment. The fibers are concentrated in regions closer to the outer skin. This is consistent with the state of stress distribution when the Culm is subjected to wind forces

14. DURABILTY Bamboo with low humidity is less prone to mould attacks especially when humidity content is less than 15 %. Physical and mechanical properties of bamboo increase with a decrease in its humidity content . Bamboo to be treated with a preservative needs to be dry to facilitate penetration. Bamboo can be dried in air, green house, and oven or by fire.

15. The durability of bamboo depends strongly on the preservative treatment methods in accordance with basic requirements, its chemical composition should not have any effect on the bamboo fiber and once injected it must not be washed out by rain or humidity. Many steel and concrete structures built in the past 30years reveal serious deterioration caused mainly by the corrosion of the steel reinforcement.

16. Process of Preservation IS 401:2001 Code of Practice for Preservation of Timber 1. Surface application ( brushing, dipping) 2. Hot & Cold Method 3. Boucheire Process 5. Inter Nodal Injection 4. Diffusion Process

17. Preservatives Recommended Coal Tar Creosote Copper – chrome - arsenic compositions Acid- cupric – chromate composition Copper – chrome- born composition Copper zinc – napthanate Abietates

18. A steel reinforced concrete column after 10 service years and first bamboo reinforced concrete beam tested and compared. The bamboo reinforced beam after testing has been exposed to open air. It can be observed that the bamboo segment of the beam reinforcement, treated against insects as well as for bonding with concrete, is still in satisfactory condition after 15 years.

19. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE

20. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE As said earlier, bamboo is a perfect material for earthquakes it is lightweight, and the hollow form gives much stiffness. But some can ask how to assess whether a bamboo house would survive an earthquake of a given intensity? But for that A dynamic test on a full-scale house is extremely expensive. So that At the National Bamboo Project of Costa Rica, only typical walls were tested, using a static test. The wall was fixed on a steel frame and using a hydraulic jack, a horizontal force was applied at an upper corner and in the plane of the wall.

21. A panel made of split bamboo. The hydraulic jack, which applies horizontal force, can be seen at the top right corner of the frame. This jack simulates the effect of earthquake. Different walls have been tested: with and without diagonal, with and without mortar, etc. The results were more than satisfactory. The deformation being measured at the lower end of a panel with plaster. The deformation was 120 mm, without any visual damage to the plaster and the panel. From this reading the bamboo housing system was assessed as earthquake-resistant. The real proof came in April 1991 , when about 20 bamboo houses survived quite near to the epicenter of a 7.5 Magnitude earthquake.

22. SEISMIC REINFORCEMENT The most important factor for the improved seismic performance of adobe construction is to provide reinforcement for the walls. Earthquake shaking will cause adobe walls to crack at the corners and to break up in large blocks. The role of the reinforcement therefore is to keep these large pieces of adobe wall together. A ring beam that ties the walls in a box-like structure is one of the most essential components of earthquake resistance for load bearing masonry construction. The ring beam must be strong, continuous, and well tied to the walls, and it must receive and support the roof. The ring beam can be made of concrete or timber.

23. Vertical reinforcement helps to tie the wall to the foundation and to the ring beam and restrains out-of-plane bending and in-plane shear. Horizontal reinforcement helps to transmit the out-of-plane forces in transverse walls to the supporting shear walls, as well as to restrain the shear stresses between adjoining walls and to minimize vertical crack. Some building codes have incorporated these recommendations for the construction of new adobe houses, such as the Adobe Construction Regulations of the province of San Juan, Argentina, that have incorporated the use of the ring beam, and the Peruvian Adobe Code that incorporated a ring beam together with vertical and horizontal reinforcement.

24. STRESS STRAIN DISTRIBUTION

25. Stress and strain distribution in an element subjected to bending

26. In previous slide D, d and b are the total, the effective depth and the width of the bending element respectively. Abt is the area of bamboo subjected to tension, ec and fc are compression strain and stress of the concrete, ebt and fbt are tensile strain and stress in bamboo. In stage 1 for a small load, the stress and strain are in linear elastic range. In stage 2 With the increase of the applied load the stress diagram in the compression zone of concrete continues to be non-linear before its ultimate strength ‘‘ fcu ’’ and bamboo in tension starts to break from its extreme lower layer and hence, starting the third stage.

27. In stage 3 the diagram of normal compression zone of concrete is of parabolic shape. However, for the development of formulae for the practical design a rectangular shape is adopted. Depending on the percentage of bamboo reinforcement three cases may occur: the case with under-reinforcement, where the failure of bamboo leads to the collapse of the bending element; with over-reinforcement, where the collapse of the element occurs due to compression failure of concrete; and the balanced case, where both concrete and bamboo could fail simultaneously.

28. REPLACEMENT OF MUD OR BRICK WALLS WITH BAMBOO REINFORCED CONCRETE PANEL

29. REPLACEMENT OF MUD OR BRICK WALLS WITH BAMBOO REINFORCED CONCRETE PANEL In this case bamboo meshes are used as reinforced material in concrete. The use of bamboo mesh panels as wall makes the structure economical, shock absorbing and environment-friendly.

30. Concrete Mix Proportion The same mix proportions which are used in case of steel reinforced slabs can be used but it is preferred to use concrete which has high early strength cement so as to reduce cracks caused by swelling of bamboo. The concrete used in the panels is lean mixture with mix proportions of 1:2:4 of cement: fine aggregate: course aggregate and water to cement ratio of 0.4 , all measured by weight.

31. Bamboo Framework The bamboo used in the panels was allowed to dry for two to three weeks before construction of the panels, so as to remove all the moisture present in the bamboo. Then a framework of bamboo strips is constructed by cross-linking the strips. To avoid swelling of bamboo strips, a thin coating of asphalt is applied, as thick coating will lubricate the surface and thus weaken the bond between bamboo and concrete. This bamboo framework can also be brought from the market as it is readily available.

32. Three singly bamboo reinforced slabs were tested with the central point loading test. Also, three cubes of 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm and three cylinders of 150 mm × 300 mm were casted for finding out the 28 days compressive strength. The average compressive strength of the cube and cylinder were found 19.89 N/mm 2 and 19.32 N/mm 2 , respectively.

33. The collapse load of the first, second and third slabs were found 453 kg, 352 kg and 341 kg, respectively. It is important to note that the least count of the proving ring used was one division = 10 kg/cm 2 .

34. COST COMPARISION

35. The strength of bamboo concrete panels is quite higher than the mud wall and use of bamboo is highly recommended in flood prone areas. The bamboo concrete panels are much more durable. The initial cost of the bamboo-concrete panels is higher but the maintenance cost is lower as compared to mud walls. The technology evolved can be effectively adopted for construction of low-cost houses with cost ranging from Rs 180 to 250 /feet 2 depending upon the design of the house and nature of interior finish, and also upon the local conditions. Study concludes that …..

36. Construction of bamboo panels does not require much skill and can be easily done. Mud walls get washed in case of floods which do not happen in case of bamboo reinforced concrete walls. For regions, where the availability of steel is limited and plain concrete members are commonly being used, the use of reinforced bamboo concrete is highly recommended. Asphalt coating on the bamboo mat and sand spraying increase the bond between concrete and bamboo.

37. SOME DESIGN PARAMETERS CONCRETE MIX The same mix designs can be used as would normally be used with steel reinforced concrete . Concrete slump should be as low as workability will allow

38. SPACING OF BAMBOO Bamboo reinforcement should not be placed less than 1-1/2 inches from the face of the concrete surface . The clear spacing between bamboo rods or splints should not be less than the maximum size aggregate plus 1/4 inch. Reinforcement should be evenly spaced and lashed together on short sticks placed at right angles to the main reinforcement . Bamboo must be securely tied down before placing the concrete. It should be fixed at regular intervals of 3 to 4 feet to prevent it from floating up in the concrete during placement and vibration.

39. CHARACTERISTICS VALUE A material property is represented by a 5 percentile property, estimated from test results, obtained as in DIS 22157 . “Determination of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo ", with 75 % confidence that it represents the population. This is called the characteristic value. It can be obtained with this formula:

40. in which: Rk = the characteristic value, R 0.05 = the 5 percentile from the test data, m = the mean value from the test data, s = the standard deviation from the test data, n = the number of tests (at least 10 ).

41. Allowable stresses Instead of the limit state design procedure, allowable stress design can be adopted. Allowable stresses can be derived from test results with the next formula. sigma(all) = Rk x G x D / S Where sigma(all) is the allowable stress in N/mm 2 , Rk is the characteristic value, G is the modification for the difference between laboratory quality and practice; default value 0.5 , D is the modification value for duration of load: - 1.0 for permanent load, - 1.25 for permanent plus temporary load, - 1.5 for the above plus windload . S is the factor of safety, default value 2,25 .

42. SOME PHOTORAPHS OF ARRANGEMENT OF BAMBOO

43. INDIAN STANDARDS

44. Indian Specifications for Bamboo & Bamboo Products IS 14588 : 1999 Specification for Bamboo Mat Veneer Composite for General Purposes IS 13958 : 1994 Specification for Bamboo Mat Board for General Purposes IS 1902 : 1993 Code of Practice for Preservation of Bamboo and Cane for non-structural purposes IS 10145 : 1982 Specification for Bamboo Supports for Camouflaging Equipment IS 9096 : 1979 Code of Practice for Preservation of Bamboo and Cane for Structural purposes IS 8242 :1976 Method of Tests for Split Bamboo IS 8295 :1976 Specification for Bamboo Chicks ; Part 1 Fine, Part 2 Coarse IS 7344 : 1974 Specification for Bamboo Tent Pole IS 6874 : 1973 Method of Tests for Round Bamboo IS 15476 : 2004 Specification for Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets IS 9096:2006 Code of Practice for preservation of bamboo for structural purpose

45. APPLICATION OF BAMBOO IN VARIOUS PROJECTS

46. Construction of demonstration structures using bamboo materials in Mizoram and Tripura Salient Features of the Structures Bamboo posts Bamboo grid ferrocement walls Bamboo trusses and purlins Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheet Roofing

47. View of the complex showing three buildings different category of application- residential, office and medium rise. All the components of the buildings are of bamboo. Demonstration buildings for Kerala forest Research Institute, Nilambur , Kerala

48. ‘Whispering Palms’ Holiday resort for Abad group of Hotels at Kumarakom .

49. Premises in Cochin, Kerala

50. The structure Covering an area of 2750 Sft , this office is probably the first and largest of its kind and an experiment where we have attempted to develop a technology for using bamboo in floors, walls and roofs in ways that meet needs. Bamboo is used in combination with RCC (columns) ferro -cement (beams) and a limited quantity of reinforced plaster so as to arrive at an attractive functional and replicable combination of technologies.

51. DISADVANTAGES It is not that uniform, i.e., large varieties of bamboo are found having different tensile strength. It has tendency to absorb water and also to release water on drying. Bamboo wood is easily infected by wood-boring insects and attracts living organisms, such as, fungi and insects because of its high content of nutrients unless treated with wood preservatives or kept very dry. It is susceptible to catch fire as compared to steel.

52. CONCLUSION Since bamboo is an environment friendly material it should give more importance. Bamboo is very light in weight with compare to steel so dead load of the member can be decreased with use of it. Bamboo is easily avail material so it is economic material and by using it we can reduced the cost of construction. Since bamboo is very effective in seismic resistance, use of it should be safe.

53. REFERENCES BOOKS “ Bamboo as reinforcement in structural concrete elements” by:- Khosrow Ghavami “Design and building with bamboo” by:- Jules J.A.Jansse REPORTS “Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Wall as a Replacement to Brick and Mud Wall” by:- M Mishra , S Mujumdar “Connections and slab for bamboo construction” by Guzman David, PhD candidate ,Morel Claude,Professor ”Adobe Construction” by Marcial Blondet and Gladys Villa Garcia M. Catholic University of Peru, Peru

54. MUD

55. Introduction Mud has been the most essential building materials since the dawn of the man. Approximately 58%of all buildings in India are of mud brick. Mud is a building material which has already being tested and tried for thousands of years. It is used in modern day construction and the method of using it is very different. Mud has its own limitations which can be overcome by certain techniques. The main advantage of mud is we do not need lot of energy to manufacture it unlike other materials. Mud construction is mainly found in places which are relatively dry and have mud in abundance. The mud – house uses minimal energy, is comfortable year round.

56. The mud – house construction uses only simple natural materials, which are any digging soil from the earth mixed with water and added up with paddy or hay or any dried fiber or even recycling garbage. Mud house construction is durable and can be easily rebuilt . Mud construction also provide natural air conditioning which provide cool air from the massive walls. Lab, Auroville Earth Institute Auroville Earth Institute

57. Various construction methods are: Stacked earth (COB) Pise or rammed earth Adobe Wattle & daub method Formed earth (Straw Clay) Earth filled in Compressed earth blocks Extruded earth Cut earth

58. STACKED EARTH (COB) A very stiff mud is prepared by mixing mud and water in the proportion of 1:3 and it is moulded into huge elongated egg shape. The elongated egg shape mud is 12 to 18- inches, (30 to 40-cm) long and about 6- inches (15-cm) in diameter. For making a wall ,a row of cob is placed in proper line and is pressed to avoid gaps and crack. Tamil Nadu, – Village house, India Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com

59. In this way two to three layers of cobs are placed one above the other and the sides are smoothed to avoid cracks and gap. Door wooden frame or kerosene tins are used to make the openings. COB is good for anything except height. It is particularly good for curved or round walls. A u s t in Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com

60. RAMMED EARTH: This is a method in which the strength of the wall can be increased by increasing the thickness of the wall.. Two parallel planks are held firmly apart by metal rods and clips or bolts, or by small crosspieces of wood. Stiff mud is thrown in between these two planks and rammed down with either a wooden or metal ramrod.  When one section is completed and hard, the two planks are then raised up and a second course of rammed earth is repeated over the first. Morocco India, Ladakh Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com

61. India, Ladakh India, Ladakh Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com Construction of rammed earth Construction technique

62. AD O B E :  Adobe as a building material has been used since ages all over the world and especially in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Blocks are kept covered with air tight polythene sheets for first 48 hrs with relative humidity up to 100. Polythene sheets shall be removed after 48 hrs and the blocks shall be kept in shaded area like having enough air circulation. Sprinkle water over blocks daily, as many times needed, during 28 days. Write date of production on block corner. Cover stacks top with coconut leaves or any other cover to avoid direct sunlight. Principle is that blocks shall not dry for 4weeks. Tamil nadu, India Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com Tamil nadu, India

63. CUT EARTH: In areas where the soils was cohesive and contained concretions of carbonates the soil was cut in the shape of blocks and used like bricks or stones. Such examples are found typically in tropical areas where lateritic soils give a wonderful building material. Lateritic soils can be found in two natural states: India, Orissa Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com India, Orissa Burkina Faso, Quarry of Kari

64. Soft soils- which will harden when exposed to air due to chemical reaction of the soil constituent with the air (carbonation reaction). This natural reaction is called induration Such soils can be found on the west coast of India, from Kerala to Goa. Hard crust- which was long ago a soil and has already hardened (indured) through the ages. Orissa in India show wonderful examples of such soils and blocks. In areas where the soil is not cohesive enough, people have used topsoil and grass to create blocks. India, Orissa Burkina Faso, Quarry of Kari Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com

65. India, Orissa Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com India, Old Goa India, Goa Kerala, India

66. EARTH FILLED-IN : Humid soil was traditionally poured into wooden lattice works. Thus, it gave some thermal mass to light structures as well as some acoustic insulation. In recent times, dry soil has been poured into synthetic textiles which are hold outside by wooden poles driven into the ground. Dry soil is also being poured into long synthetic tubes, which are staked upon each other. School of Architecture, Germany Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com School of Architecture, Germany

67. Cal-Earth (The California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture) does an extensive use of filled in technique. They call it Super adobe construction and they are building what is called Eco-domes. Super adobe structures are an excellent example of green building techniques. USA, California, Cal-Earth Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com They use Tubular roll of sandbag-type material which are filled with earth. A barbed wire is use to bind the earth tube together. Later on the earth tubes are plastered with stabilised earth plaster. USA, California, Cal-Earth USA, California, Cal-Earth

68. EXTRUDED EARTH : The earth extrusion technique has been used since a long while in the fired brick industry. Stabilised earth, at a plastic state, is as well extruded through a machine which gives the desired shape. The blocks are often hollow and are cut to the desired length. This technique of stabilised extruded earth was developed in the 20th century. France Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com Burkina Faso

69. Compared to the brick extrusion in the fired brick industry, stabilised extruded earth bricks show a major inconvenient. The soil required for stabilised earth is much sandier than the one for fired earth. Thus the soil is more abrasive and the machines get damaged at a much faster rate. Burkina Faso Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com

70. FORMED EARTH (Straw Clay) : Very clayey soil, in a liquid state, is poured on straw, which has been chopped to the desired length. The mix is generally tampered afterwards into forms. These walls are not load-bearing. they are light, have a very high thermal insulation value and must be built in a wooden structure. B elgium Germany Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com

71. It was traditionally used in Germany and was re-used for reconstruction after the 2nd world war. It is mostly known with the name Straw clay. Germany Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com Straw clay can be used as a filler wall, formed between a wooden structure or as prefabricated blocks. Germany

72. Wattle and daub: Wattle and daub method is an old and common method of building mud structures. Bamboo and cane frame structure that supports the roof. Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com Mud is plastered over this mesh of bamboo cane and straws. Due to excessive rainfall the Wattle and Daub structures gets washed off. However, the mesh of cane or split bamboo remains intact and after the heavy rain is over the mud is plastered on again. F ra n ce Somalia, Genale - Village huts

73. France - House Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com Nigeria - Reinforced earth

74. Taos Pueblo (New Mexico) Arg-e bam (southeastern Iran,) Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com Examples of mud construction-

75. Djinguereber Mosque (West Africa.) West Africa (Uzbekistan) Shibam (Yemen) Siwa oasis (western egypt) Ref- http://www.earth-auroville.com

76. Advantages of Mud: Environmental impact: To save natural resources. Using neither cement nor rock (Save our mountains). To save building materials: Main materials are soil and water, mixed to be mud, if the mud is too sticky, we can add up with paddy husky or rice straw or local fiber weed or bamboo. Energy use : To save energy. Cool in summer (Inside building temperature is about 24°c to 26°c. Warm in Winter (Automatic control temperature by passive cooling system) Capital Expenditure: To save money . No air – conditioning, no electricity bills.

77. DI SA D V A NT A GE s - Humidity is the crucial factor, mud-house will easily catch fungus. The brand- new mud-house may have foul odour of crushed green leaves. Erodes easily by water. Low tensile and shear strength , hence , roofs difficult. Susceptible to mechanical damage, rodents and burgles. Grip between earth and wood is very weak , hence, framed doors and windows are not possible. Requires regular maintenance. Not fire proof and not termite proof.

78. Bibliography- http://www.earth-auroville.com https: //www. building-design-and-construction-systems-brick.co.in Pritchett, Ian. The Building Conservation Directory , 2001: "Wattle and Daub". Accessed 2 February 2007 Hoping that Mud – house will help open our eyes to an architectural alternative design for preserving the natural world not solely for its own sake but to provide an environment hospitable to man which should be environmental friendly design. Today, common man is lost in the glory of newly introduced materials. These materials have specific qualities but , still they are not best as compared to the locally developed materials . Conclusion-