banana-classification and floral biology.pptx

Banana florL biology

1. FLORAL BIOLOGY OF BANANA Presenters Deekshith.J
Deekshitha.M,E
Deepthishree.T,P
Devika.T,N
Dharithri Mahesh.P
Dia Rodrigues

2. Botanical name: Musa sp.
Family : Musaceae
Chromosome number: n=11 2n = 22, 33 or 44 also exists Origin: South -east Asia

3. The banana is a tree-like perennial herb It is an herb because it does not have woody tissues and the fruit-bearing stem dies down after the growing season It is a perennial because suckers, shoots arising from lateral buds on the rhizome, take over and develop into fruit-bearing stems

4. Trunk is not a woody stem but a pseudostem, a compact assemblage of overlapping and spirally arranged leaf sheaths The ‘true’ stem is made up of three parts: the underground rhizome, the aerial stem to which are attached the leaves, and the peduncle to which is attached the inflorescence The stem starts on the rhizome’s apical meristem, grows inside the pseudostem, and ends in the male bud.

5. AA Group Kadali ( Poovan Kadali , Vella Kadali , Ambala Kadali ) Plant is slender, bunch weight 6-10kg
Fruits are small, stout, dark green, turn yellow on ripening
Sweet with excellent flavor
Cultivated in southern districts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, used for worshiping.

6. AB group Ney poovan ( Yalakki , Safed Velchi , Ney Kadali , Vadakkan Kadali ) Cultivated commercially in Karnataka & Kerala
Intercrop in coconut and arecanut plantations
Fruits are medium sized, pseudo stem slender and yellowish with reddish petiole margin
Flesh is firm, sweet, fragrant, average bunch weighs 10-12kgs
Resistant to leaf spot, Panama wilt

7. AAA group a ) Dwarf Cavendish: Pachabale , Basarai , Grant Governor, Morris, Mauritius. One of the most important variety of India
Average bunch weigh 15-25kg.
Plant is dwarf, Suitable for high density planting and wind prone tracts. Cavendish sub group

8. Harichal , Peddapacha , Bombay green Semi tall budsport of dwarf Cavendish
Better keeping quality than dwarf Cavendish.
Average bunch weight 20-25kg.
Resistant to panama wilt. b)Robusta

9. C. Grand Naine(G9) Tall mutant of dwarf Cavendish
Average bunch weight 25-30kg.
It requires propping
Cavendish group (all 3 var.) susceptible to leaf spot diseases.

10. Red banana of sub group Chenkadali , Lalkela , Agniswar , Chandrabale It thrives well in humid tropics and at higher altitudes
Color of the pseudo stem, petiole, midrib and fruit peel is purplish red
Fruits large with characteristic aroma, average bunch weight is 18-22kgs
Highly susceptible to bunchy top, fusarium wilt and nematodes
Sensitive to winds because height is >15 feet A)Red banana

11. Pseudostem is greenish yellow
Fruit turns golden yellow on ripening
Peel is thick, flesh firm, sweet with pleasant aroma Rajbale

12. AAB group Mysore poovan / champa Plant is tall, vigorous and hardy.
Fruits are small to medium think peeled, pulp cream coloured with sub acidic taste.
Resistant to panama wilt. A)Mysore sub group

13. B) Silk sub group Eg : Rasthali ( Rasabale , Amruthpani , Sankel , Silk fig)
It is the choice table variety and priced high in the market
It can be easily identified by the yellowish green stem with brownish patches
Reddish margins of the petiole and the leaf sheath

14. Fruit is medium sized, thin peeled, ivory yellow in colour, flesh firm, sweet with pleasant apple flavor.
Average bunch weight is 12kg
It is a long duration variety
Highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt/Panama wilt

15. C)Pome sub group Hill banana (Virupaxi, Marabale, ladan, valla vazhai, Sirumalai)
Elite banana of South India preferred for its fruits having good keeping quality, unique aroma and taste.
It a tall, sturdy plant
Fruits are having thick peel
AV. Bunch weight 10-12kg

16. D)Plantain sub group Nendran It is a dual purpose cultivar of Kerala
The fruit is longer and thicker with good keeping quality average bunch weight 10-15kg
Suitable for chips making
Susceptible to bunchy top and bract mosaic virus

17. ABB group ( Bontha , Madhuranga bale, Ponthan , Balinga )
It is a leading culinary or cooking cultivar of India
Plant is hardy, drought tolerant, tall, robust and light gr
Average bunch 10-15kg
Resistant to panama wilt, Black Sigatoka and bunchy top diseases A)Monthan

18. B)Karpooravalli P ey kunnan It is a table variety commercially cultivated in Tamil Nadu
Av. Bunch weight 25-30kg
Good keeping quality
Suitable for juice & wine makin g

19. Ex: Saba
It is an important cooking cultivar of Philippines AAAA group Ex: Bolds Alta forte ABBB Ex: Klue Teparod BBB group

20. Inflorescence The inflorescence is branched spadix. The flowers are protected by large, brightly coloured , spirally arranged, boat shaped bracts called spathes .
When the flowers open, the spathes roll back and finally fall off.
The flowers are polygamous i.e. staminate flowers, pistillate flowers and bisexual flowers are present in the same plant.
The male flowers lie within the upper bracts, the female flowers within the lower bracts and the bisexual flowers within the middle bracts.

21. Flowers Male flower Male banana flowers have a slender style and stigma, and well-developed anthers, which in wild species usually contain pollen. In edible bananas, the amount of pollen is reduced or absent
Together, the anther and the filament form a stamen. A male banana flower typically has five stamens. Collectively the stamens form the androecium (from the Greek andr -, meaning man, and oikios , meaning house).
The style, stigma and male parts of the banana flower are enveloped within a tubular structure formed by fusion of five petal-like tepals , with a sixth tepal remaining free. The male flowers are contained in the male bud, in which they are arranged in clusters called hands. Each hand is enfolded by a bract that lifts when the flowers have finished developing. Male flowers usually fall to the ground a short time after flowering.

22. Female flowers Female banana flowers have a massive style and stigma, and stamens which are usually reduced to staminodes that do not produce pollen. Sometimes the male organs are absent. The enlarged basal portion which contains the ovules is called the ovary (from the Latin’s ovum, meaning egg). Together, the ovary, style and stigma make up the pistil, also called a carpel. In a banana flower, three pistils fuse producing a tri- pistillate ovary, style and stigma. The collective term for the parts of the flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds is gynoecium (from the Greek gyne , meaning women’s, and oikos , meaning house) Each flower is connected to a cushion of tissue on the peduncle by the pedicel. The female flowers reach anthesis (the period during which a flower is fully open and functional) before the male flowers.

23. Hermaphrodite flowers In some wild species, the basal fruit-forming flowers have a functional gynoecium and androecium, and can self- fertilise before bract opening if the stigma and anthers are aligned. These flowers are called hermaphrodite or perfect The ability to self-fertilize is significant because it reduces hybridization and as such contribute to genetic isolation. Norman Simmonds noted that the occurrence of basal female flowers with male fertility may have adaptive significance at the edges of a species’ range as it would bias seed set towards selfing if populations of plants were distant from one another.

24. Other types of flowers In some edible bananas, there may be flowers at the point of transition from the basal female to the distal male portion of the inflorescence that do not produce fruit and have a small ovary, although it is larger than in male flowers. These flowers may retain some features of fruit-forming flowers, such as remaining attached to the peduncle. Such flowers are called neuter or intermediate. They are also described in some wild species, where they can be neuter or functionally male.

25. Pollination The flowers provide the structure for sexual reproduction, which occurs when pollen produced by the anther of a male flower fertilises the ovule in a female flower to produce a viable embryo.

First, pollen needs to be transferred to the stigma. Since the female flowers open before the male flowers on the same inflorescence, more than one inflorescence, and a pollinator to collect and deliver the pollen, are essential.

26. Second, once on the stigma, the pollen grains need to be ‘ recognised ’ in order to germinate. The tube emerging from a germinated pollen grain responds to chemical signals that guide it down the canal in the centre of the style to reach one of the three locules where ovules are located. Further guidance is needed to get a pollen tube to an available ovule to form a viable embryo.

The fertilised ovule containing the viable embryo develops into a seed. This in turn stimulates pulp development around the seeds in the ovary, resulting in a seed-bearing banana fruit. In a wild species a fruit might contain up to 300 seeds.

27. Pollinators Pollinators
The nature of the banana inflorescence is that female flowers are separated in space and time from male flowers. In this case, pollinators are essential for seed production.

Since the tepals are not colourful and nectar is abundant, the main pollinators are bats and birds.22 Banana flowers are visited by numerous species of insects and some animals but these are not involved in pollination.

28. Parthenocarpic bananas
In edible bananas, sexual reproduction is rarely successful, with very few if any seeds produced as a consequence of pollination. This failure is multifaceted, due to a greater or lesser extent to a lack of viable pollen, disruption of the pollen pathway through the gynoecium in the female flower and a lack of viable ovules.

Instead, the fruit of edible bananas develop through vegetative parthenocarpy , with the pulp developing autonomously from tissues on the ovary wall of the female flower without the need for pollination.

29. Female flower Female banana flowers have a massive style and stigma, and stamens which are usually reduced to staminodes that do not produce pollen. Sometimes the male organs are absent.

The enlarged basal portion which contains the ovules is called the ovary (from the Latin’s ovum, meaning egg).

Together, the ovary, style and stigma make up the pistil, also called a carpel. In a banana flower, three pistils fuse producing a tri- pistillate ovary, style and stigma.