Barley floral biology and seed production

Barley

1. BARLEY- FLORAL BIOLOGY AND SEED PRODUCTION Vaishnavi 2019-11-172

2. INTRODUCTION Scientific name- Hordium vulgare L. It is a hardy crop,can be grown in adverse agro climatic conditions like drought,salinity,alkalinity,etc . In plains and hilly areas under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Carbohydrate present in barley helps in the reduction of glucose level due to high fiber content(5 times of other whole grain). It is rich in Vit B,Vit E,folic acid. It help in reducing body weight.It is a good source of protein. It contain about 15% water,6.7% gum,3.2% sugar,60% starch and 2.2% fat. Used for human consumption,as alcoholic beverages,animal feed and for making paper.

3. SYSTEMATICS Kingdom: PLANTAE Phylum: SPERMATOPHYTA Order: MONOCOTYLEDONS Family: CYPERALES Tribe: POACEAE Genus: HORDEUM Species: VULGARE

4. ORIGIN According to Vavilov,two main centers of diversity i.e. First group in N orth east Africa and Mountainous regions of Abyssinia as principle centre for 6 row barley (Occidental type) and second group in South east Asia China,Japan,Tibet and Nepal for 2 row barley(Oriental type). All forms of barley are originated from a wild species Hordeum spontaneum similar as 2 row barley.

5. CLASSIFICATION S.No Based on arrangement of spikelets in rachis Character 1. Hordium vulgare L. Six row 2. Hordium disticon L. Two row 3. Hordium irreglare L. Two row S.No Based on Awns Character 1. Awned type Awns present 2. Awnless type Awns absent S.No Based on adherance of chaff to grains Character 1. Hulled Chaff remains attached to grain 2. Hull less Husk readily falls after threshing

6. TYPES: 2 ROWED ,INTERMEDIATE TYPE AND 6 ROWED BARLEY

7. In six row barley,all the spikelets in a triplet are fertile and able to develop into grains. The central seeds are round and fat,but the lateral seeds tend to be slightly assymetric and,and some varieties(intermediate forms),they are also smaller than the central grain. In two-row barley,only the central spikelet is both male and female fertile. The two lateral spikelets are smaller with reduced stamens and a rudimentary ovary and stigma.Therefore,the lateral spikelets are smaller with reduced stamens and a rudimentary ovary and stigma. Therefore,the lateral spikeletof two row barly are steriled

8. GROWING STAGES S.No . STAGE CHARACTERISTICS 1. Seedling Coleoptile emerge out of soil Upto 20-25 days. 2. Tillering Start after establishment of crown roots Upto 30-35 DAS 3. Jointing and booting Vegetative part start multiplying. Upto 55-65 DAS 4. Heading Flag leaf give rise to ear head. Anthesis begins Upto 75-85 DAS 5. Ripening Grain filling and development started. Upto 90-100 DAS 6. Maturity and drying Plant turn yellowish,loose stiffness Become droopy and ready for harvest.

9. FLORAL BIOLOGY

10. The inflorescence of barley is called as ear,head or spike. The flowering units,the spikelets,are directly to the central axis,or rachis,which is the extension of the stem that supports the spike. The are three spikelets at each node,called triplets,alternating on the opposite sides of the spike. Each spikelet is made up of two glumes,which are empty bracts and one floret that includes lemma,the palea,and the enclosed reproductive components. Depending on variety,each lemma is extended as an awn, or more raely as a hood. The sterile glumes can also be awned . In hull less or naked varieties,the palea and lemma are not attached and separate from the grain on threshing(Briggs1978).

11. Flower

12. Grain

13. SEED PRODUCTION IN BARLEY Some important principles of quality seed production are: Agroclimatic requirements The main barley producing states in India are Rajasthan,Uttarpradesh,Madhyapradesh,Haryana,Punjab,West Bengal,Jammu Kashmir,some regions in Bihar,Uttaranchal and Himachal pradesh . Ideal condition for vegetative period is cool conditions,but not winter hardy. Optimum temperature Germination: 1-2 degree celsius Vegetative growth:0 degree celsius Grain development :3 degree celsius Thrive well in areas having average rainfall of 390-430mm.

14. Land requirement Well fertile ,levelled and with proper drainage. Completely free from volunteer plants(self sown plants). Can be grown on wide range of soils including saaline,sodic and lighter soils. Thrives best in sandy to moderately heavy loam soils having neutral to saline reaction and medium fertility. Isolation requirements CONTAMINANTS MIN. DISTANCE (in m ) FOUNDATION CERTIFIED 2 3 Fields of other varieties 3 3 Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification 3 3 Fields of barley with infection of Loose smut disease in excess of 0.10% and 0.50% in foundation and certified seed respectively. 150 150

15. Method of sowing Sowing should be done in rows either by drill method or behind the plough in furrows.Optimum depth of sowing is 4-5 cm. Spacing 16 cm is found to be the most suitable. Seed rates 100 kg/ha Selection of variety and seed source Recent varieties have more demand and adopted to particular environment should be selected. Seed source-Breeder seed should be purchased from SAUs or ICAR institutes. The validity of the seed lot should be high.

16. Varieties Two types Husk-less and Hulled barley Husk-less preferred – Karan 18 & 19 –demand from farmers Suited for hills Himani – for medium to lower hills 140-145 days, 3-3.5t /ha Dolma – Medium to high elevation, 140-145 days, 4.0t /ha Kailash – six row hulled – medium to low elevation Suited for rainfed areas

17. Suited for rainfed areas Ratna – six row-hulled, 125-130d, UP, WB, Bihar, 2.5 – 3.0t/ha Vijay – 120-130d, UP, MP, Punjab, 3.0 -3.5t/ha Azad – 115-120d, 3.5 – 3.8t/ha Ameru – 130-133d, 2.5 03.0t/ha – best for malt Suited for irrigated areas Jyoti – six row hulled, 120-125d, 3.5-4.0t/ha Ranjit – Six row, semi dwarf, non lodging, 125-130d, 3.0-3.5t’ha Clipper – Two row, 135-140d, 2.8-3.0t/ha best for malt & brewing Karan 18 & 19 – 5.0 – 5.6t/ha

18. Dual purpose (fodder and grain)- Ratna , Karan2, Karan 5, Karan 10 Selection of variety for malt purpose Plumpy medium good quality Select the seeds having 1.2 to 1.5% N Timely sown crop Not from well fertilized soil

19. Seed treatment Nutrient management FYM 12.5t/ha N- P2O5- K2O Irrigated – 60-30-20 Malt - 30-20-20 Rainfed - 40-20-20 Method of application N 50% basal + P&K, I split at I irrigation Entire basal for rainfed Light soil 3 splits – I & II irrigations

20. Water management 200-300mm 2-3 irrigations Critical periods Seedling / sprouting Active tillering Flag leaf Milking or soft dough stages Tillering and grain filling so crucial Weed management Up to 30 days Post emergence herbicides Isoproturan 0.75kg/ha + 0.5 kg 2,4D EE 3-5 leaf stage Or Pendimethalin (pre-emergence) 1.0kg/ha + one hand weeding

21. Other Agronomic practices Using lower seed rate to improve multiplication factor. Leaving lines to facilitate rouging and inspection. Applying slightly less than optimum amount of nitrogen to reduce lodging. Maintaining the species and varietal purity. Controlling diseases that are seed transmitted. Rouging All off types ,the other crop plants,objectionable weed plants should be removed from time to time.

22. Monitoring /field inspection for field standards Field standards Land requirement Isolation requirement Maximum permissible level of off types Inseparable other crop plants Plants infected by seed borne diseases Harvesting,threshing,processing Harvesting of breeder and pre breeder are done by plot combine.Basic and certified seeds are harvested with combine harvesters. Mechanical damage may lead to low germination The threshers and harvesters must be thoroughly cleaned.

23. During processing ,the raw seed received is cleaned in a series of steps from pre cleaning,drying,air screen cleaning length separation,gravity separation,seed treatment and bag weighing. After cleaning ,seed is sent for bulk storage.

24. Weed control By hoeing By hand weeding By weedicides : Broad leaved weed( Chenopodium album) 2,4-D: 1 kg in 500 ml water Affinity 40DF: 50g in 500 ml water Narrow leaf( Avena sps .) A xial 5 EC :1 litre in 500litre water

25. Pests and disease management Diseases: RUST: Seed treatment with Vitavax or Carbendazim @2 g/kg seed. COVERED SMUT:Seed treatment with Carbendazim or Carboxin @2 g /kg seed. STRIPE DISEASE:Spray Dithane M45 @0.2% Pest TERMITE:Treat seed with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC.

26. HETEROSIS AND HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION The successful use of hybrid cultivars depends upon the existence of an economically significant level of heterosis,sufficient cross pollination to make hybrid seed production cost competitive and an efficient and reliable system of producing the female parent of the hybrid. The possibilities of heterosis in barley have been discussed since the description of the first genetic male sterile by Suneson (1940). A number of genetic and cytogenetic schemes have been proposed to use genetic male sterility in commercial hybrid seed production of hybrid barley used a genetic recessive gene for male sterility in a balanced tertiary trisomic system( Ramage 1965).

27. References Verma,O.P - Seed Production Techniques Of Major Crops. Vasudevan,S.N ., Doddagowder,S.R ., and Mathad,R.C . – Quality Seed Production: Techniques,Processing and Marketing. www.agriinfo.in .

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