Basalt rock fiber

Basalt fibre which made from fibres of basalt rock is very much similar to the carbon and the fibre glass and have better physicomechanical properties and cheaper. One Kg of basalt reinforces is equal 9.6 Kg of the steel. They have many field applications and can replace many costly and rare materials. Its manufacturing process is very simple and raw materials are found virtually every country. Basalt fibres offer the potential to solve the largest problem in the cement and concrete industry.
Basalt Fibre is a material which is made from the extremely fine fibres of the Basalt, which composed of Pyroxene, minerals plagioclase and Olivine. This is very much similar to the Carbon Fibre and the Fibre Glass, which is having better Physicomechanical properties than the fibre glass, but which is being significantly cheaper that the Carbon Fiber. It is also used as the fiber proof textile in the automotive industries and in the Aerospace and also can be used as a composite to produce the products such as the tripods.
Basalt is well known as the rock found in the virtually every country all around the world. Basalt Rock fibres has no toxic reaction with the air or water, are non combustible and the explosion proof. When in contact with the other chemicals they will produce no chemical reactions that may damage health or environment. The Basalt base composites can be replacing steel and known reinforced plastics. One Kg of basalt reinforces is equals to 9.6 Kg of the steel. There seems to be something quite poetic in using a fibre made from the natural rock to reinforce a material, which may quite reasonably being described as the artificial rock. Raw material for producing basalt fiber is the rock of a volcanic origin.
BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS; PRIMARY BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS; Continuous basalt fibers; Chopped fibers ; CBF roving; CBF yarns; SECONDARY BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS; Basalt rebar; Basalt geo-textile; Basalt mesh; Basalt fiber pipes; Basalt laminates; Advantages and Disadvantages of Basalt Fiber

1. @Hassan Z. Harraz 2019
Basalt Rock Fibre
Prof. Dr. Hassan Z. Harraz
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University
[email protected]
Spring 2019
Columnarjointedbasalt inTurkey
Basaltic columns

2. Outline
Introduction
Distribution Mapof Basaltic occurrences
in Egypt
BASALT ROCK FIBRE
PROPERTIES OF BASALT FIBERS
Literature Survey
Comparison
Comparison With E-Glass
Manufacturing Process
BASALT SOURCES FOR FIBER PRODUCTION
SPINNING OF BASALT FIBER
BASALT FIBRE PRODUCTION
Plant layout of Basalt Fibreformation
Fiber Forming Process
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF
BASALT FIBRE
APPLICATION WITHOUT LIMITS
BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS:
I) PRIMARY BASALT ROCK FIBER
PRODUCTS
Continuous basalt fibers,
Chopped fibers,
CBF roving,
CBF yarns
II) SECONDARY BASALT ROCK FIBER
PRODUCTS:
Basalt rebar,
Basalt geo-textile,
Basalt mesh,
Basalt fiber pipes, and
Basalt laminates
FIELDS OF APPLICATIONS
Advantages and Disadvantages of Basalt
Fiber
Conclusions

3. Basaltfibrewhichmadefromfibresofbasaltrockisverymuchsimilartothe
carbonandthefibreglassandhavebetterphysicomechanicalpropertiesand
cheaper.OneKgofbasaltreinforcesisequal9.6Kgofthesteel.Theyhavemany
fieldapplicationsandcanreplacemanycostlyandrarematerials.Its
manufacturingprocessisverysimpleandrawmaterialsarefoundvirtuallyevery
country.Basaltfibresofferthepotentialtosolvethelargestprobleminthe
cementandconcreteindustry.
BasaltFibreisamaterialwhichismadefromtheextremelyfinefibresofthe
Basalt,whichcomposedofPyroxene,mineralsplagioclaseandOlivine.Thisisvery
muchsimilartotheCarbonFibreandtheFibreGlass,whichishavingbetter
Physicomechanicalpropertiesthanthefibreglass,butwhichisbeingsignificantly
cheaperthattheCarbonFiber.Itisalsousedasthefiberprooftextileinthe
automotiveindustriesandintheAerospaceandalsocanbeusedasacomposite
toproducetheproductssuchasthetripods.
Basaltiswellknownastherockfoundinthevirtuallyeverycountryallaroundthe
world.BasaltRockfibreshasnotoxicreactionwiththeairorwater,arenon
combustibleandtheexplosionproof.Whenincontactwiththeotherchemicals
theywillproducenochemicalreactionsthatmaydamagehealthorenvironment.
TheBasaltbasecompositescanbereplacingsteelandknownreinforcedplastics.
OneKgofbasaltreinforcesisequalsto9.6Kgofthesteel.Thereseemstobe
somethingquitepoeticinusingafibremadefromthenaturalrocktoreinforcea
material,whichmayquitereasonablybeingdescribedastheartificialrock.Raw
materialforproducingbasaltfiberistherockofavolcanicorigin.
Abstract

4. Basaltic columns
Spectacular organ-like basalt columns at Svartifoss, SkaftafellNational Park,
Iceland

5. INTRODUCTION
In the recent days, the various fibers develop and used in the construction, industrial and highway
engineering. The steel is mainly used in that various application. Also fiber glass, polythene fibers, carbon
fibers, polyamide fibersare now developed and also used in construction, industrial and infrastructure
development. In that list new one fiber is added, called, as basalt rock fibers.
Similar to the Carbon Fibreand the FibreGlass, which is having better Physico-mechanical properties than
the fiber glass, but which is being significantly cheaper that the Carbon Fiber.
Because of good hardness and thermal properties, basalt has been used in the construction, industrial and
highway engineering, in the form of crushed rock. It is used as surfacing and filling in roads, the floor tiles in
the construction and as the lining material in the pipes for transporting the hot fluids. This can be major
replacement to the asbestos, which possess health hazards by damaging respiratory systems.
However, it is not commonly known that basalt can be used in manufacturing and made into fine,
superfine ultrafine fibers. Basalt is an alternative raw material for fiber forming because of its relatively
homogeneous chemical structure, its large scale availability throughout the world, its freedom from
impurities and of course, its ability to form fibers in the molten state.
Used as the fiber proof textile in automotive industries and in the Aerospace and can be used as a
composite to produce the products such as the tripods.
Basalt Rock fibers has no toxic reaction with the air or water, are noncombustible and the explosion
proof.
Basalt fiber offer prospect of completely new range of composite materials and product. Low cost high
performance fibers offer potential to solve the largest problem in the cement and concrete industry, cracking
and structural failure of concrete. They have potential to high performance and cost effectively replace of
fiberglass, steel fiber, polyamide fiber and carbon fiber product in many applications. 1 Kg basalt fiber
replaces 9.6 Kg steel reinforcement.

6. Introduction
Basalt is well known as a rock found in virtually every country round the world.
Basaltis a mafic extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of magnesium-
rich and iron-rich lava exposed at or very near the surface of a terrestrial planet or a
moon. More than 90% of all volcanic rock on Earth is basalt. Basalt lava has a low
viscosity, due to its low silica content, resulting in rapid lava flows that can spread over
great areas before cooling and solidification. Flood basalt describes the formation in a
series of lava basalt flows.
Raw material for producing basalt fiber is the rock of a volcanic origin.
It is a basic volcanic-igneous rock; formed from frozen lava.
Basalt originates from volcanic magma and flood volcanoes, a very hot fluid or semi-
fluid material under the earth crust, solidified in the open air.
Basalt is the name given to a wide variety of volcanic rock, which is gray.
It occupies 1/3 of earth’s crust.
Brown or dark in colour, formed from volcanic lava after solidification.
Material which is made from the extremely fine fibresof the Basalt, which composed
of olivine, clino-pyroxene, plagioclase and opaque metal oxides. Plagioclase and
pyroxene make up 80% of many types of basalts.
Table 1.1 shows the results of the chemical analysis of the basalt rock .

7. Fig.2. Cenozoic igneous volcanicsin North Africa (Tawadros, 2001; Lustrinoand Wilson,
2007).

8. Distribution Mapof Basaltic occurrences in
Egypt
Figure 1. Map of Egypt showing basalt
outcrops (solid black) and areas
containing Triassic to Tertiary felsic
and/or mafic flows, sills, dykes and/or
plugs. Outcrop locations after Said
(1962: 82, 153, 184, 198, 207, 218); Said
& Martin (1964); El Hinnawi& Maksoud
(1972); Awadallah(1980); Franz, Puchelt
& Pasteels(1987); Hubbard, Wood &
Rogers (1987); Meneisy(1990).

9. Figure 3. Pyroxene (augite) compositions
plotted on Al2O3 versus SiO2 diagrams
(wt%). Fields for subalkaline(S) and
alkaline (A) are from Le Bas (1962).

10. Distribution Mapof Basaltic occurrences in
Egypt
Figure 1. Map of Egypt showing basalt
outcrops (solid black) and areas
containing Triassic to Tertiary felsic
and/or mafic flows, sills, dykes and/or
plugs.

11. BASALT QUARRY [ESSINGEN -EIFEL]

12. BASALT ROCK FIBRE
•It is a material made from
extremely fine fibers of basalt,
which is composed of the
minerals plagioclase, pyroxene,
and olivine.
Key Properties Of Basalt
Fibers:
Thermal resistance
Mechanical strength
Chemical resistance
Ecological friendliness

13. PROPERTIES OF BASALT FIBERS
Basalt fibers have different properties as follows:
1) Thermal Resistance: Basalt fiber has excellent thermal properties to that of glass fibers. It can easily
withstand the temperature of 1200
o
C to1300
o
C for hours continuously, without any physical change,
which is similar to S2 glass fibers and carbon fibers. Unstressed basalt fibers and fabrics can maintain
their integrity even up to 1250
o
C, which makes them superior compared to glass and carbon fiber.
2) Mechanical Strength: Basalt fiber has tensile strength 3000-4840 M Pa, which is higher than E-glass
fiber. It has higher stiffness and strength than E-glass fiber. Basalt fiber has slightly higher specific
gravity, 2.6 –2.8 g/cc, than other fibers.
3) Chemical Resistance: Basalt fibers have very good resistance against alkaline environment, with the
capability to withstand pH up to 13-14. It also has good acid and salt resistance.
4) Corrosion and Fungi Resistance: Basalt fiber has better corrosion resistance. It does not undergo any
toxic reaction with water and air or gases also. Moisture regain and moisture content of basalt fibers
exist in the range of less than 1%. Basalt materials have strong resistance against the action of fungi
and micro-organisms.
5) Abrasion Property: Basalt material is extremely hard and has hardness values between 5 to 9 on
Mohr’s scale, which results in better abrasion property. Even continuous abrasion of the basalt fiber-
woven fabrics over the propeller type abraders do not result in the splitting of fiber by fracture and
results only in breaking of individual fibers from woven structure which eliminates possibility of
causing hazards.
6) Ecological Friendliness: Basalt fibers have natural raw material, which is basalt rock it does not cause
any damage to the health. Basalt fiber has no biological hazards and solves waste disposal problems.
It does not clog incinerator as glass. Hence, it is incinerator friendly.

14. Literature Survey

15. Comparison

16. Comparison With E-Glass

17. Comparison of Fiber

18. Manufacturing Process

19. BASALT SOURCES FOR FIBER PRODUCTION
Temperature history and rate of cooling of lava
Slow cooling results in segregation and
precipitation
Weathering and oxidation over-time
Chemical characteristics and uniformity of basalt
quarry are essential for good fibers.
Manufacturing should be close to suitable basalt
quarries and inexpensive energy.

20. SPINNING OF BASALT FIBER
•Though basalt stones are available in different
compositions, only certain compositions and
characteristics can be used for making the
continuous filaments with a diameter range of 9 to
24 microns.
•Compounds present in the basalt rock may vary,
especially the SiO
2content depending on their
nature and origin. Basalt rocks with SiO
2content
about 46% (acid basalt) are suitable for fiber
production.

21. •Diagram of basalt fiber spinning:
1) Crushed stone Silo,
2)Loading station,
3) Transport system,
4)Batch charging station,
5) Initial melt zone,
6) Secondary controlled heat zone,
7) Filament forming,
8) Sizing applicator,
9) Strand formation,
10) Fibretensioning,
11) Winding

22. BASALT FIBRE PRODUCTION
1. Tank for sizing; 2. Furnace; 3. Bushing; 4.
Sizing applicator; 5.Tray for used sizing;
Collection; 6. Winder; 7. Spool; 8. Tank for
used sizing

23. Plant layout of Basalt Fibreformation

24. Plant layout of Basalt Fibreformation

25. Fiber Forming Process
In many ways, basalt fiber technology is similar to glass fiber technology, except only
one material, basalt rock. Basalt continues filaments are made from the basalt rocks in
a single step process melting and extrusion process. Technological process of
manufacturing basalt filament consists of melt preparation, fiber drawing (extrusion),
fiber formation, application of lubricants and finally winding. Basalt fibers are
currently manufactured by heating the basalt and extruding molten liquid through a
die in the shape of fibers Crushed rock material are charged into bath type melting
furnace by a dozing charger, which is heated using air gas mixture or electrically.
Crushed rocks are converted into melt under temperature 1285
o
C to 1450
o
C in the
furnace bath. Molten basalt flows from furnace to feeder through feeder channel and
feeder window communicate to recuperate. The feeder has a window with a flange
connected o slot type bushing and is heated by furnace waste gases or by electrically.
The melt flows through platinum-rhodium bushing with 200 holes which is heated
electrically. The fibers are drawn from melt under hydrostatic pressure and
subsequently cooled to get hardened filaments.
A sizing liquid with components to impart strand integrity, lubricity and resin
compatibility is applied, and then filaments are collected together to form ‘strand’ and
forwarded to take up devices to wound on forming tube.
By varying the drawing speed of the fiber and temperature of the melt, fibers of wide
size range could be produced. For example, a drawing speed of 12m/s and nozzle
temperature of 1325
o
C a fiber of 7 μmwere produced while at 4m/s and 1285
o
C a
fiber of 17 μmwas produced.

26. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BASALT FIBRE
•Quarried basalt rock is first crushed, then washed and moved into melting baths
in gas-heated furnaces. Under temperature of 1460-1500°C. Here, the process is
simpler than glass fiber processing because the basalt fiber has a less complex
composition.
•Molten basalt flows from furnace through a platinum-rhodium bushing with 200,
400, 800 or more holes and the fibers can be drawn from the melt under
hydrostatic pressure
•A sizing is applied to the surface of the fibers by a sizing applicator to impart
strand integrity, lubricity, and resin compatibility.
•Finally, a winder allows to release some large spools of continuous basalt
filament.
•The molten rock is then extruded through small nozzles to produce continuous
filaments of basalt fiber.
•There are three main manufacturing techniques, which are centrifugal-blowing,
centrifugal-multi roll and die-blowing.
•The fibers typically have a filament diameter of between 9 and 13 μmwhich is far
enough above the respiratory limit of 5 μmto make basalt fiber a suitable
replacement for asbestos.
•They also have a high elastic modulus, resulting in excellent specific tenacity—
three times that of steel.

27. PICTORIAL VIEW FOR TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF
MANUFACTURING

28. APPLICATION WITHOUT LIMITS

29. Properties
Property Value
Tensile strength 4.84 GPa
Elastic modulus 89 GPa
Elongation at break 3.15%
Density 2.7 g/cm³

30. Basalt Rock FibreFabrics

31. Figure 5.1 to figure 5.9 shows various products of
basalt fibers.
Continuous basalt filaments have following primary
products such as Continuous basalt fibers, Chopped
fibers, CBF roving, CBF yarns
By using these primary products the secondary
products are produced such as Basalt rebar, Basalt
geo-textile, Basalt mesh, Basalt fiber pipes, and
Basalt laminates.
BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS

32. Figure 5.1 to figure 5.9 shows various products of
basalt fibers.
Continuous basalt filaments have following primary
products such as
Continuous basalt fibers,
Chopped fibers,
CBF roving,
CBF yarns
I) PRIMARY BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS

33. Reinforcing a civic water
fountain development -
Warsaw, Poland
Reinforcing a
concrete bridge
deck -Northern
Ireland, UK

34. Reinforcement nets
Volcano wrap that
resists gasoline &
engine chemicals &
withstands high
temperature
runway at Bordeaux-Merignac

35. 1) Basalt Plastic Pipes
•Basalt fiber composite pipes are obtained by
winding basalt threads, fabrics, prepegs
impregnated with a binder.
•These pipes are useful as components for shafts
linings, building components, for transporting
corrosive liquids and gases in the construction,
industrial, agricultural and public services sectors.
•Basalt pipes are resistant to the action of fungi and
micro-organisms.

36. Basalt Plastic Pipes
Great river energy
wear resistant basalt-
lined piping extended the
reject piping’s life and
reduced maintenance
requirements.
Basalt Lined Ash Disposal Pipes

37. 2) Basalt Super Thin Fibers
It has good heat-insulation qualities.
The material is absolutely nonflammable, it has
high thermo-durability.
High chemical durability towards water, salt
solutions, alkali and acids.
APPLICATIONS :
Fireproof materials of fire protection systems
Heat and sound insulation material for the
manufacture of automobile mufflers, gaskets,
insulation screens, plastics, composites.

38. 2) Basalt Super Thin Fibers
PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES OF BSTF
Basalt Super Thin AluminatedFiber
Round Marbel

39. 3) Basalt Roving
Basalt roving is bundle of continuous mono-directional
complex basalt fibers.
Roving possesses high natural strength, resistance to
aggressive environments, long service life and excellent
electric insulating properties.
APPLICATIONS:
Filament winding of pipes, tanks and cylinders
Reinforced plastics

40. 3) Basalt Roving
Chopped basalt roving is mainly used as a
substitute of fiberglass
Rewinding of primary string by
machine from bobbins on basalt roving
spool

41. Basalt Rock Fibre

42. By using these primary products the secondary
products are produced such as
Basalt rebar,
Basalt geo-textile,
Basalt mesh,
Basalt fiber pipes, and
Basalt laminates.
II) SECONDARY BASALT ROCK FIBER
PRODUCTS

45. 1) Basalt Reinforcement Rod
•Advantages of Basalt rod over Steel rebar:
a)Higher specific strength
b)Resistant to corrosion
c)No permanent deformation when bent
d)Chemically inert
Basalt Reinforcement Rod

46. 2) Continuous Basalt Fibre

47. 2) Basalt Continuous Fibers (BCF)
Basalt Continuous Fiber (BCF) is a raw material for the
production of various types of materials & products.
APPLICATIONS
Basalt continuous fibers have been widely used in
fiber reinforced composites, friction materials,
shipbuilding materials, thermal insulation
materials, automotive industry, high temperature
filter fabrics and protection fields.
Reinforcing material for concrete & asphalt,
concrete covering for roads, airport runways &
taxiways.
Filters for industrial & residential waste waters,
filters for smoke & dust emissions of industrial
enterprises.
Reinforcing nets for construction.

48. •Advantages of Continuous Basalt Fibre:
1) Only one component –basalt, which is an environmentlysafe
natural material –is used for CBF production;
2) Cost of basalt raw material is very low; the share of raw
material’s cost in the final cost of production is less than 5%.
3) CBF production technology consists of only one phase –melting.
There is no need for primary enrichment, fusion and
homogenization, as all of those were made for free by nature
4) To make CBF basalt should be heated up only one time.
5) Further processing of CBF into materials does not require
energy; it’s made with application of “cold technologies".
2) Continuous Basalt Fibre

49. •Advantages of Basalt Geotextile:
1) They are made of natural raw material (natural
chemical composition provides chemical
stability and resistance).
2) They are non-inflammable and they can carry
out distributed load.
3) The cost is 4-5 lower than other geotextile
material.
3) Basalt Geotextile

50. Advantages
1) Basalt reinforcing mesh is designed for reinforcing road and highway
overlays to prolong the pavement lifespan by reducing the effects of
reflective cracking caused by traffic loading, age hardening and
temperature cycling.
2) Pavement life between maintenance can be prolonged significantly.
Basalt reinforcing mesh makes it possible to reduce thickness of
asphalt concrete pavement up to 20%.
3) Higher mechanical strength and modulus,
4) More resistive to chemical aggressive environment than E-glass mesh.
5) owner cost and better mechanical properties than for mesh made of
special glass fibre.
6)The melting point of basalt fibresis 1450oC.
7) Lower elongation before brake than for synthetic material.
8) Easily milled using typical milling equipment. Does not stretch and pull
as polymer meshes.
9) No special equipment is required to install the reinforcement.
10) Basalt mesh is environment friendly and based on naturally occurring
material that is found worldwide.
4) Basalt reinforcing mesh

51. FIELDS OF APPLICATIONS
1. Road Construction
2.CONSTRUCTION:
•Reinforcement of bridges, tunnels.
•Internal waste pipes
•Repair of cracks, local damage to buildings & bridges.
2. PETRO CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES:
•Chemical & wear proof coverings of tanks.
•pipelines, oil pipelines.
•nonflammable coverings & composite materials.
3. AGRICULTURE: Land drainage pipes, pipes for irrigation and hosing.
4. MACHINE BUILDING: Parts or blocks of machines operating under
high temperatures or gas stream, For example the heat shield for a
re-entering space vehicle.
5. ENGINEERING NETWORKS:
•Oil and gas pipelines, pipes for chemical products and
transportation of aggressive media.
•High efficient seals & linings for pipelines.

52. Concrete reinforcement
•Requirement of the moderate strengthening in the civil structures & high fire
resistance can be met with basalt fibers. Basalt filaments incorporated unidirectional
rods are used as the reinforcement of concrete slabs in hydraulic engineering and
construction in seismically hazardous regions. It is also used in reinforcement for
bridges, tunnels, railway sleepers etc.
•The basalt rebar consisting of 80% of basalt fiber with on epoxy binder offer better
mechanical property to the reinforced concrete & are less expensive. Basalt rebar
have same coefficient of thermal expansion (8 ppm/
o
C) as that of concrete, which
increases the compatibility & performance in adverse conditions.
•In the accelerated weathering tests, basalt fiber shows better results as compared to
glass fibers. Exposed to 600
o
C for 2 hours also results in almost retention of 90% of
normal strength while carbon fiber and glass fibers loss their volumetric integrity.
•Chopped fibers are used in cement concrete which increases crack resistance and
fracture toughness of concrete. It does not give any adverse effect in concrete mixing.
Building material
•Basalt fibers can also be used in the interiors, partitioning of buildings, fire proof
doors, and sound insulations for the building. They have better sound insulation
property. It can act as a barrier in the frequency range up to 1800Hz to the extent of
80% to 95% [5]. It is also used as and warmed panels for construction of
prefabricated houses such as roofing. Basalt fibers have better thermal insulating
properties, almost three times than the asbestos. Basalt fabrics are used as fire
blocking material in the public transport systems. Both woven as well as knitted
fabrics are used for these applications.
•It is used in port construction and sea platforms because of better chemical and salt
resistance property and also for environment safety.

54. Basalt Fiber
Advantages of Basalt Fiber
•Basalt fibers show 15-20% higher tensile strength
and modulus.
•Better environmental friendliness.
•Recyclability.
•The processing of basalt fibers does not require
special equipment or technologies.
•They have no toxic action with air & water.
•Very high chemical resistance.
•Basalt is the best reinforcement for concrete due
to its tensile strength
•Noise absorption qualities
•Basalt based composites can efficiently replace
steel and all known reinforced plastics.
•Water absorption
•Extended operating temperature range.
•Melting temperatures & Working temperatures
up to 600ºC.
Disadvantages of Basalt Fiber
•The price of fibers made
from basalt is higher than
those made of E-glass.
•The American Concrete
Institute, Canadian Standards
Association, International
Federation for Structural
•Concrete and other
internationally recognized
engineering code authorities
have not provided specific
design guidance for its use.

55. Conclusions
1) Basalt can be used in manufacturing and made into fine, superfine ultrafine fibers. Basalt is an alternative raw material for
fiber forming because of its relatively homogeneous chemical structure
2) Basalt Rock fibers have no toxic reaction with air or water, are non-combustible. When in contact with other chemicals they
produce no chemical reactions that may damage health or the environment. So it is ecological friendly material.
3) Basalt rock fibers have new range of material in building construction, road construction, concrete industry and agriculture
field. They have potential to high performance and cost effectively replace of fiberglass, steel and carbon fiber product in
many applications. As per case study, concrete beam reinforced with BFRP bars achieved tensile strengths that are consisting
with the relevant properties of the constituent materials. Concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars behave in ductile manner
exhibiting large deflection at failure.
4) Basalt is well known as a rock found in virtually every country round the world. Basalt rock is more in Egypt (especially in
Cairo-Suez Road). The cost of basalt is 10 times lower than that of raw materials for fiberglass. Basalt is more available than
any other raw material.
5) It has large scale availability throughout the world, its freedom from impurities and of course, its ability to form fibersinthe
molten state.
6) Basalt fibers have excellent set of properties like
Chemical
Thermal
Mechanical
environmental
7) It can replace glass in large part is widely used in aerospace, petrochemical, automativeand other areas therefore basalt
fiber is known as 21
st
century “SILK VOLCANIC CHANGE”.
As a result of its characteristics and properties, basalt fiber can be really considered as the material of OUR
FUTURE FOR A GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
•Basalt Rock fibreshave no toxic reaction with air or water, are noncombustible and explosion proof.
•Basalt base composites can replace steel and known reinforced plastics (1 kg of basalt reinforces equals 9.6 kg of steel).

56. References
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Materials Technology Development Company, China.
•[3] Murray Allan D.,” Basalt Fibers for high-performance composites”, Allied composite Technologies LLC, 1-4.
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