Basic concept of microbiology

To know what is Microbiology.
How much important of microbiology knowledge in our life.
Why need to know about Microbiology .
What type of diseases can occur in our body.
What is the role of Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
How can we prevent from the diseases.

1. BASIC CONCEPT
OF
MICROBIOLOGY

2. Prepared
By
ASLAM ALI
Sr. Microbiologist
Biopharma Ltd.
[email protected]

3. OBJECTIVES
•To know what is Microbiology.
•How much important of microbiology
knowledge in our life.
•Why need to know about Microbiology .
•What type of diseases can occur in our body.
•How can we prevent from the diseases.
•What is the role of Pharmaceutical Microbiology.

4. Microbiology is the branch of biology that studies microorganisms,
or life too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and pathogenic
protozoa/parasites, but is not limited to studies of infectious
disease-causing microorganisms.
Microbiology
Microbiology
Bacteria Virus
Fungus Protozoal Parasites
Protozoa are single cell organisms with a nucleus, a good deal bigger than bacteria.
Plasmodia-malaria,Amoeba- Amoebic dysentry

6. Microbes as Guardians of the Earth
Microbes act as guardians of our planet ensuring that key minerals,
such as carbon and nitrogen, are constantly recycled. Even though
the Earth is now populated with green plants, microbes still play a
crucial role in oxygenating the atmosphere and collectively they
carry out more photosynthesis than plants. Microbes degrade dead
organic matter, converting the organic carbon in their bodies back
into carbon dioxide.
Microbes are
everywhere
Microbiologists have discovered that microbes can be found just about
anywhere. Microbes are an incredibly diverse group of organisms and
can grow in extreme environments that no other living organisms can
tolerate. Bacteria have been found to thrive in volcanic hot springs,
where temperatures typically reach near boiling point. At the other
extreme, living bacteria have also been discovered in Antarctic
deserts, where temperatures range from -15 to -30°C. Bacteria can also
thrive in salt flats, pools of saturated brine, where salt concentrations
range from 120 to 230 grams per litre. Bacteria which live happily in
these inhospitable environments have been termed ‘extremophiles’
(from Latin extremus meaning "extreme" and Greek philiā meaning
"love").

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9. Characteristics of Extreme Environments in which Microorganisms Grow
Environmental Microorganisms
Stress Conditions Observed

High temperature 110 –113°C, deep Pyrolobus fumarii
marine trenches Methanopyrus kandleri
Pyrodictium abyssi
67–102°C, marine basins Pyrococcus abyssi
85°C, hot springs Thermus
Sulfolobus
75°C, sulfur hot springs Thermothrix thiopara
Low temperature –12°C, antarctic ice Psychromonas ingrahamii
Osmotic stress 13–15% NaCl Chlamydomonas
25% NaCl Halobacterium
Halococcus
Acidic pH pH 3.0 or lower Saccharomyces
Thiobacillus
pH 0.5 Picrophilus oshimae
pH 0.0 Ferroplasma acidarmanus
Basic pH pH 10.0 or above Bacillus
Low water aw = 0.6 – 0.65 Torulopsis
availability Candida
Temperature 85°C, pH 1.0 Cyanidium
and low pH Sulfolobus acidocaldarum
Pressure 500 –1,035 atm Colwellia hadaliensis
Radiation 1.5 million rads Deinococcus radiodurans

11. Microbes
and
Diseases

16. Microbes and Disease
Large numbers of children and the elderly succumbed to diseases such
as tuberculosis, diphtheria and pneumonia. At this time microbiologists
had little idea about how diseases were spread, or how they could be
controlled, so epidemics flourished. The "Spanish" influenza pandemic
of 1918–1919, caused ≈50 million deaths worldwide - more than the
total number of deaths recorded in World War One. Diarrhoeal disease
was also common since people regularly ate contaminated food and
drank contaminated water.
Microbiology research has, therefore, been concerned with developing
antibiotics and vaccines to protect the population from infectious
disease. The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flemming has saved
the lives of many millions of people. The development of vaccines
which protect against, diphtheria and pneumonia dramatically reduced
the number of childhood deaths caused by these diseases. Children in
developed countries are also routinely vaccinated against common
viral infections such as measles, mumps, rubella and polio. As a direct
result of the efforts of microbiologists, smallpox, once a dreadful
scourge, is now officially extinct on the planet. However a vaccine
against HIV, which in 2009 was reported to infect approximately 33.3
million people around the world

18. Characteristics of Hepatitides Caused by Hepatotropic Viruses

Disease (Virus) Genome Classification Transmission Outcome Prevention
Hepatitis A RNA Picornaviridae, Fecal-oral Subclinical, Killed HAV
Hepatovirus acute infection (Havrix vaccine)
Hepatitis B DNA Hepadnaviridae, (Blood, needles, Subclinical, acute chronic
Orthohepadnavirus body secretions, infection; cirrhosis; HBV vaccines
placenta, sexually) primary hepatocarcinoma
Hepatitis C RNA Flaviviridae, Pestivirus, Blood, sexually Subclinical, acute chronic Routine
screening of or Flavivirus (?) infection; primary blood
hepatocarcinoma
Hepatitis D RNA Unclassified Blood, sexually Superinfection or HBV vaccine
coinfection with HBV
Hepatitis E RNA Caliciviridae (?) Fecal-oral Subclinical, acute infection Improve
sanitary (but high mortality in conditions pregnant women)

20. MOST DANGEROUS 10 VIRUS IN THE WORLD
1.Marborg Virus--------Death risk 90%
2.Evola virus----------80-90%
3.Henta Virus----------70-80%
4.Bard flu-------------60-70%
5.Lasa Virus---------50-60%
6.Junin Virus------40-50%
7.Tik Virus----------40-50%
8.Machopo Virus-------50%
9.KFD Kiyasanor Forest Virus-40-50%
10.Dengue Virus---------20-25%

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25. Cosmetics

26. Candida albicans

27. Gas gangrine by Clostridium perfringens

34. Escherichia coli
Salmonella spp
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Coliform bacteria
Pathogenic microbes
in
Pharmaceutical
company

35. Pseudomonal infections can involve the following parts
of the body, with corresponding symptoms and signs:
•Respiratory tract (eg, pneumonia)
•Bloodstream (bacteremia)
•Heart (endocarditis)
•CNS (eg, meningitis, brain abscess)
•Ear (eg, otitis externa and media)
•Eye (eg, bacterial keratitis, endophthalmitis)
•Bones and joints (eg, osteomyelitis)
•GI tract (eg, diarrhea, enteritis, enterocolitis)
•Urinary tract
•Skin (eg, ecthyma gangrenosum)
Pseudomonas aeroginosa

36. Nail infection By
Psedomonous areginosa

37. Escherichia coli
There are many types of E. coli, and most of them are
harmless. But some can cause bloody diarrhea. Some strains
of E. coli bacteria (such as a strain called O157:H7) may also
cause severe anemia or kidney failure, which can lead to
death.
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC)
Bloody diarrhea.
Stomach cramps.
Nausea and vomiting.

38. Salmonella spp
•typhoid fever,
•food poisoning,
•gastroenteritis,
•enteric fever and
•other illnesses.
Couse:
•Uncooked meat, seafood and poultry
•Uncooked eggs
•Fruits and vegetables
•Lack of hygiene
Symptom:
•Stomach cramps
•Bloody stools
•Chills
•Diarrhea
•Fever
•Headache
•Muscle pains
•Nausea
•Vomiting

39. Staphylococcus aureus
Diseases
•pneumonia
•endocarditis osteomyelitis
•food poisoning-nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
•rash
• sepsis

40. Zoonotic diseases

41. Nervous system infections

42. STD

45. Grape and Fish

46. Friendly
Microorganisms

47. Babies are colonised by bacteria immediately after birth. It has been
estimated that the average person is colonised by 200 trillion bacteria,
comprising at least 1,000 different species. This doesn’t mean that we
are teaming with potentially pathogenic bacteria, quite the opposite!
The bacteria that call the human body home are often essential for our
health and well being. Our intestines contain about 100 trillion bacteria
and collectively they make up 60% of the dry weight of faeces. These
intestinal bacteria play an essential role in helping us to digest food,
they provide us with essential vitamins such as vitamin K and biotin
and they help to prevent the growth of harmful pathogenic bacteria.
The surface of our skin is also home to millions of friendly bacteria
which crowd out potential pathogens and prevent them from growing.
One bacterium which is abundant on the skin is Staphylococcus
epidermidis which produces chemicals called bacteriocins that kill
pathogenic bacteria. Friendly bacteria can also be found in our noses
but many of these bacteria also carry a health warning. Neisseria
meningnitidis which causes meningitis, lives in the noses of millions of
people without causing disease, but if the immune system becomes
weakened through ill-health then this bacteria can, almost by accident,
cause disease which may result in the death of the human that has
become its home.

48. Yeast

49. LACTOBACILLUS

50. Foods Raw Ingredients Fermenting Microorganisms Area
Coffee Coffee beans Erwinia dissolvens, Saccharomyces spp. Brazil, Congo, Hawaii, India
Gari Cassava Corynebacterium manihot, Geotrichum spp. West Africa
Kenkey Corn Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Ghana, Nigeria
Lactobacilli, yeasts
Kimchi Cabbage and other vegetables Lactic acid bacteria Korea
Miso Soybeans Aspergillus oryzae, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Japan
Ogi Corn Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, Nigeria
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
Olives Green olives Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum Worldwide
Ontjom Peanut presscake Neurospora sitophila Indonesia
Peujeum Cassava Molds Indonesia
Pickles Cucumbers Pediococcus cerevisiae, L. plantarum Worldwide
Poi Taro roots Lactic acid bacteria Hawaii
Sauerkraut Cabbage L. mesenteroides, L. plantarum Worldwide
Soy sauce Soybeans Aspergillus oryzae or A. soyae, Z. rouxii, Japan
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Sufu Soybeans Mucor spp. China
Tao-si Soybeans A. oryzae Philippines
Tempeh Soybeans Rhizopus oligosporus, R. oryzae Indonesia, New Guinea, Surinam
Fermented Foods Produced from Fruits, Vegetables, Beans, and Related Substrates

51. MICROBIOLOGY
SCOPE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
Pharmaceutic
als
company
Water
Industry
Milk
Industry
Cosmetics
Chemical
Higher Research
Environment
Soft drinks
Food & beverage
Hospital & Pathology
Juice, Wine & beer

52. Pharmaceutic
al
Microbiology

53. Pharmaceutical Finished Products

54. Pharmaceutical raw materials

55. Escherichia coli
Salmonella spp
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Coliform bacteria
Pathogenic microbes in Pharmaceutical
company

56. Name of Microbiological test
Microbial limit test
Finished product
-liquid syrup,
-suspension,
-dry syrup,
-cream,
-ointment.
Raw Materials
-solid, liquid
Water test
-Purified water,
-DM water,
-Drinking water.

57. Environmental Monitoring
Machine swab test
Personal Hygiene
Empty Container test
Bioassay test
Growth promotion test
Organisms’ preservation & culture test
LAL test (Limulus amebocycte Lysate)
Preservatives Efficacy Test

58. Bacterial endotoxin present in the cell walls of bacteria that
is released after the bacteria has died. May cause chills,
fever, leukopenia, and shock depending on the bacterial
species and the health of the infected person. Endotoxins are
lipopolysaccharide complexes that occur in the cell wall a toxin
contained in the cell walls of some microorganisms, especially gram-
negative bacteria, that is released when the bacterium dies and is
broken down in the body. Fever, chills, shock, leukopenia, and a variety
of other symptoms result, depending on the particular organism and
the condition of the infected person. Pyrogen is a substance, as a
thermostable bacterial toxin, that produces a rise in temperature in a
human or animal.
Results of endotoxin release. From Copstead, 1995.

60. Horseshoe crab

61. Sterility test
Air sampling test
Air particle count test
ETP water Test
-PH,
-TDS,
-TSS,
-BOD,
-COD,
-DO.

63. Autoclave---121
0
C ---15 psi---15 minutes

64. Sterilization

65. Hot Air Oven---160
0
C -3 hours,180-1 hour,250-30 min

66. Laminar Air Flow-HEPA-DOP-PAO

67. Incubator

68. Colony Counter

69. Zone Reader

70. Air Sampler

71. Particle Counter

72. Micropipette

73. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Infects damaged tissues or people
with reduced immunity.
Pseudomonas infection
Localized to eye, ear, skin, urinary,
respiratory or gastrointestinal tract
or CNS, or systemic with
bacteraemia, secondary pneumonia
bone and joint infections,
endocarditis, skin, soft tissue or CNS
infections.
AIDS (Acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome)
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
Bacillus anthracis
Contact with sheep, goats and horses
Inhalation or skin penetration
through abrasions of spore-
contaminated dust
Cutaneous anthrax
Pulmonary anthrax
Gastrointestinal anthrax
Bordetella pertussis
Contact with respiratory droplets
expelled by infected human hosts.
Whooping cough
Complications:Secondary
bacterial pneumonia
Campylobacter jejuni
Faecal/oral from animals (mammals
and fowl)
Contaminated meat (especially
poultry)
Contaminated water
Acute enteritis
Species
Transmission
Diseases

74. Salmonella typhiFaecal-oral through food or water Typhoid fever type salmonellosis (dysentery, colitis)
Shigella sonnei
Faecal-oral
Flies
Contaminated food or water
Bacillary dysentery/Shigellosis
Salmonella
typhimurium
Faecal-oral
Food contaminated by fowl (e.g. eggs),
pets and other animals
Salmonellosis with gastroenteritis and enterocolitis
Salmonella typhi
Human-human
Faecal-oral through food or water
Typhoid fever type salmonellosis (dysentery, colitis)
Neisseria
meningitidis
Respiratory droplets
Meningococcal disease including meningitis
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
Sexually transmitted
vertical in birth
Gonorrhea
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Septic arthritis
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Droplet contact Tuberculosis
Listeria
monocytogenes
Dairy products, ground meats, poultry
Vertical to newborn or foetus
Listeriosis
Helicobacter pylori
Colonizing stomach
Unclear person-to-person transmission
Peptic ulcer
Risk factor for gastric carcinoma and gastric B-cell
lymphoma
Haemophilus
influenzae
Droplet contact
Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory
tract
Bacterial meningitis
Upper respiratory tract infections
Pneumonia, bronchitis
Enteropathogenic
E. coli
Vertical, in utero or at birth Diarrhoea in infants
Species Transmission Diseases

76. Penicillin

78. Germany Museum collected

80. PREVENTION
•Cook Cook food thoroughly, especially meats.
•In the kitchen, wash your hands with hot, soapy water often,
especially after you touch raw meat.
•Wash any tools or kitchen surfaces that have touched raw
meat.
•Keep all cooking utensils and work surfaces clean
•Use only pasteurized milk, dairy, and juice products.
•Use only treated, or chlorinated, drinking water. Beware of
drinking untreated water from streams, rivers and lakes.
•When you travel to countries that may have unsafe drinking
water Wash your hands often, and always wash them after you
use the bathroom or change diapers.

83. THANK YOU