Basic concepts of biology Basic definition branches Main branches cell theory cell organelles

Biology
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With zaheer khan

1. Basic concepts of Biology

2. BIOLOGY??? The word Biology is the combination of two Greek words, ”Bios” and “logy”. Bios means life and logy means study thus the study of living organisms is called biology. Biology is a way of understanding nature. Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution. Biology is a subdivision of science.  

3. IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGY??? It plays an important role in understanding complex forms of life involving humans, animals, invertebrates and plants etc. complex relationship between humans, plants, animals and other forms of life. ways in order to care for themselves, animals and plants in the proper manner. the interaction between humanity and the world. the importance and uses of resources (renewable and non-renewable) and potential threats to these resources available in the environment. developing interests among humans for the protection and conservation of biological as well as other resources.

4. FIELDS OF BIOLOGY The field of biology is split into three main categories, each of which focuses on how living systems operate at a different scale: The Cell and molecular biology, which is focused on . understanding how processes at the scale of the smallest biological unit and molecular scale underpin (carry) biological function in all organisms Physiology, which is focused on examining the processes and functions within an organism Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, which is focused on examining on how processes operating at large spatial and temporal scales influence the kinds of organisms and living systems that exist on earth.

5. BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

6. Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Biotechnology is  the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society .  Botany is  the branch of Biology that deals with the study of plants . Ecology is  the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. 

7. Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. Microbiology is  the study of the biology of microscopic organisms  - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa.  Physiology is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a subdiscipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions in a living system. Zoology is  the branch of biology concerned with the study animals . It is also known as animal biology. Cytology is the study of cell.

8. Living Things Are Made Up of Cells Unicellular organisms are made of 1 cell Multicellular organisms are made of more than 1 cell Cells are the smallest unit of an organism that can be considered “alive” Requirements For Life Paramecium Dog

9. Living Things Are Based on a Universal Genetic Code All organisms store the complex information they need to live, grow and reproduce. All information is written in a molecule called DNA. Requirements For Life

10. Living Things Grow and Develop During development a single egg divides again and again New cells can be created and differentiate to perform certain functions for the organism as time passes Requirements For Life Blue Oak Acorn Blue Oak Tree Sprouting

11. Living Things Obtain and Use Energy Energy is obtained and used to grow, develop and reproduce Metabolism : The total sum of all chemical reactions in the body Requirements For Life

12. Anabolism (constructive process) This is a process where by living organisms use simpler substances to put together, or build complex substances such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Such an activity is known as an anabolic activity. Catabolism (destructive process) This is when the cells in living organisms, breakdown complex substances and molecules into simpler substances, often to release energy for use. Metabolism This is the sum of all the chemical reactions (anabolic and catabolic activities) that go on in the cells of living organisms. It is a continous process because the moment metabolism stops, the living organism will die. 

13. Requirements For Life Living Things Respond to Their Environment Living things respond to stimuli to improve their chances for survival A stimulus is a signal to which an organism responds

14. 7. Living Things Maintain a Stable Internal Environment Organisms need to keep conditions inside their bodies as constant as possible. This process is called homeostasis. Sweat to release heat Sensations of thirst and hunger Requirements For Life

15. The human body, for example, maintains blood pH within the very narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. A pH below this range is called acidosis and a pH above this range is alkalosis. Either condition can be life threatening. One can live only a few hours with a blood pH below 7.0 or above 7.7, and a pH below 6.8 or above 8.0 is quickly fatal. Yet the body's metabolism constantly produces a variety of acidic waste products that challenge its ability to maintain pH in a safe range.

16. 8. Taken as a Group, Living Things Evolve Basic traits individual organisms inherit from their parents usually do not change. Over many generations, groups of organisms typically evolve or change over time. Requirements For Life

17. What is Cell? A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

18. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria

19. BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. The biological processes of living organisms have been used for more than 6000 years. Early examples of biotechnology include breeding animals and crops, and using microorganisms to make cheese, yoghurt, bread, beer and wine Modern biotechnologies involve making useful products from whole organisms or parts of organisms, such as molecules, cells, tissues and organs. Genetic engineering, the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms.  43

20. TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology is divided into the following types: MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Medical biotechnology involves the use of living cells to develop technologies for the improvement of human health. It involves the use of these tools to find more efficient ways of maintaining human health. It also helps in the study of DNA to identify the causes of genetic disorders and methods to cure them. Vaccines and antibiotics have been developed with the help of medical biotechnology that is essential for human health. Several plants are genetically engineered to produce antibodies with the help of biotechnology. 44

21. 2. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY This field deals with the development of genetically modified plants by introducing the gene of interest in the plant. This, in turn, helps in increasing the crop yield. Various pest-resistant crops such as Bt-cotton and Bt- brinjal are created by transferring the genes from  Bacillus thuringiensis   into the plants. The animals with the most desirable characteristics are bred together to obtain the offspring with the desired traits . 45

22. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY It is the application of biotechnology principles and techniques to the study and management of the natural environment. It involves the use of microorganisms and other biological agents to perform various tasks that are beneficial to the environment, such as cleaning up contaminated sites, enhancing soil health, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental biotechnology has the potential to contribute to the development of sustainable solutions to environmental problems, and it is an area of active research and development. 46