basic first aid - nurse.pptgfgreervfdbfgb

22010144
BLUE NILE BLUE NILE college
Department of Nursing
Providing Basic First Aid
For midwiferyLevel –III
1basice first aid

Teaching- learning method
•Interactive discussion
•Group work
•Individual assignment
•Demonstration
•Cooperative training
Assessment methods
•Oral questioning
•Written test
•Observation
•Demonstration with oral questioning
Attendance criteria
Students are expected to attend all classes
Absence will result in the student may not set the exam

LO1:-Assess the situation
3
Introduction to first aid
What is FIRST AID
First Aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to a
casualty for any injury or sudden illness before the arrival
of an ambulance, doctor, nurse or other qualified
personnel.
First Aid is the emergency care and treatment of a sick
or injured person before more advanced medical
assistance, in the form of the emergency medical services
(EMS) arrives.
basice first aid

AIMS OF FIRST AID
•Preserve life and provide initial emergency
care and treatment to sick or injured people
•Protect the unconscious
•Prevent a casualty’s condition from becoming
worse
•Promote the recovery of the casualty.
4basice first aid

RESPONSIBILITIES AS A FIRST AIDER
•Assess the situation quickly and safely and call appropriate
help
•Protect casualties and others at the scene from possible danger
• Identify, as far as possible, the nature of illness or injury
affecting casualty.
•Give each casualty early and appropriate treatment, treating
the most serious condition first.
5basice first aid

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FIRST AIDER
•Arrange for the casualty’s removal to hospital
or into the care of a doctor.
•Remain with a casualty until appropriate care
is available.
•Report your observations to those taking care
of the casualty, and to give further assistance if
required.
6basice first aid

PRIORITY OF CASUALTIES
•Save the conscious casualties before the unconscious ones as
they have a higher chance of recovery.
•Save the young before the old.
•Do not jeopardize your own life while rendering First Aid. In
the event of immediate danger, get out of site immediately.
•Remember: One of your aims is to preserve life, and not
endanger your own in the process of rendering First Aid.
7basice first aid

•Casualties should always be treated in the
order of priority, usually given by the “3 Bs”:
– Breathing
– Bleeding
– Bones
–muscle
points govern all the actions undertaken by a
first aider.
 Prevent further injury
 Preserve life
 Promote recovery
8basice first aid

Occupational health and safety
•Is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety,
health, and welfare of people at work..
•The goals of occupational safety and health programs
include to foster a safe and healthy work
environment.
•may also protect co-workers, family members,
employers, customers, and many others who might be
affected by the workplace environment.
•occupational health deals with all aspects of health
and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on
primary prevention of hazards.
9basice first aid

•Health has been defined as "a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.“
•Occupational health is a multidisciplinary field of healthcare
concerned with enabling an individual to undertake their
occupation, in the way that causes least harm to their health.
•Health has been defined as It contrasts, for example, with the
promotion of health and safety at work, which is concerned
with preventing harm from any incidental hazards, arising in
the workplace.
10basice first aid

Occupational health aim at:
the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all
occupations
 the prevention amongst workers of departures from
health caused by their working conditions
 the protection of workers in their employment from
risks resulting from factors adverse to health
 the placing and maintenance of the worker in an
occupational environment adapted to his physiological
and psychological capabilities; and
 to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of
each man to his job.
11basice first aid

First aid hygiene and infection control
In every first aid situation you should try to
minimize the risk of transmission of infection to
yourself, the casualty and to any bystanders.
To do this, you must follow standard precaution
procedures to ensure a basic level of infection
control, especially when handling blood or body
substances.
12basice first aid

•Standard precautions are practices that are applied to
injured or ill casualties and their blood and body
substances, regardless of their infectious status.
•Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of
personal protective equipment (PPE), and working
safely, such as appropriate handling and disposal of
sharps and waste, cleaning techniques and managing
spills of blood and body substances.
13basice first aid

How can diseases be transmitted?
•droplet transmission – e.g. sneezing or coughing
•airborne transmission – e.g. ventilation systems and
air conditioning units
•contact – e.g. blood or body fluids coming into direct
contact with skin, eyes etc.
•contaminated objects – e.g. skin contact with
needles, mosquitoes etc.
•Vehicle ,Vector borne,
14basice first aid

Providing first aid safely
Always assume that there is a risk of being exposed to
infection.
Wash hands with soap and water or apply alcohol-
based hand rub before and after administering first
aid.
Use and wear personal protective equipment to
prevent contact with blood and body substances,
including disposable gloves.
Eye protection, masks and protective clothing may
also be necessary, if splashes of blood or body
substances are likely to occur.
15basice first aid

Before first aid:
owash your hands
o always use plastic
or disposable gloves, check they
are in good condition first
oif you have cuts or wounds on
your hands, ensure that they
are covered by a waterproof
dressing before applying
gloves use a plastic apron and
eye protection if available.
16
 use a resuscitation mask if
Available
 wear gloves and ensure
that they don’t get torn
 if you come into contact
with body fluids, wash the
area immediately with
running water and seek
medical advice
During first aid:
basice first aid

After first aid:
•safely dispose of any used dressings, bandages
and disposable gloves
•after removing disposable gloves, always wash
your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
17basice first aid

Triage
•The term “triage” originates from the French word “trier” which
means to sort, pick out, classify or choose
•Triage is a system of sorting patients according to need when
resources are insufficient for all to be treated at the same time.
•Is A method of ranking sick or injured people according to the
severity of their sickness or injury in order to ensure that
medical and nursing staff facilities are used most efficiently;
basice first aid 18

A brief history of triage
•Triage systems were first used to prioritise
medical care during the Napoleonic wars of the
late 18th century.
• Subsequent wars have led to improve the
systems for the rapid removal of the injured
from the battlefield to places providing
definitive care. Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)
triaging has also been developed and continues
to evolve.
basice first aid 19

Function of triage
•A single entry point for all incoming patient
•A physical environment that is suitable for
under taking a brief assessments
•An Organized patient processing system that
enables easy flow of patient information
•Timely data on ED activity levels
basice first aid 20

Purpose of triage
•In ED- to get the right patient to the right place at
the right time for the right reason it is not
diagnosing
•In disaster- it is to maximize the number of
survivors, or the greatest benefit for the largest
number
•Earlier military triage placed the most value on soldiers
who could be returned quickly to the line of engagement
– reverse triage
basice first aid 21

The primary objectives of an ED triage
1.Identify patients requiring immediate care.
2.Determine the appropriate area for treatment
3.Facilitate patient flow through the ED and avoid
unnecessary congestion.
4.Provide continued assessment and reassessment
of arriving and waiting patients.
5.Provide information and referrals to patients and
families.
6.Allay patient and family anxiety and enhance
public relations.
basice first aid 22

Types of triage
•Patient to triage: when a patient appears
relatively stable
• Triage to patient: here the patient is usually
unstable.
basice first aid 23

•Multiple causality scenario – number and severity of
the injuries or illness proportional or does not
exceed to the resources and ability at hand to render
care.
- Priority is given to life threatening conditions
•Mass causality scenario – number and severity of
injuries does exceed the capacity of the facilities and
staff. In this case, those with the greatest chance of
survival with the least expenditure of time,
equipment’s and supplies are prioritized
basice first aid 24

Principle of triage
–Degree of life threat posed by the injury or
illness
–Injury or illness urgency
– Salvageability- consider likelihood of survival
– Resources available
– Time, distance and environment
basice first aid 25

Components of comprehensive triage
1.An across-the room visual assessment- to
determine stability of ABCD
2.Rapid triage for less than 60sec- to
determine the appropriate acuity
3.A triage history
4.Triage physical assessment
5.Making triage decision
basice first aid 26

Assessment technique for safe triage
Assessment
• environmental hazard
Internal security, standard precaution, leaving
the triage area, check for ABC equipment
•General appearance
•Primary survey
basice first aid 27

Things that leads to error in decision making
Lack of knowledge
Evidence/confirmation/ bias
Personal bias
Failed to asses completely
Incomplete Exposure
Bias from other clinician
”Oh my god!” distracter
Accepting pt self diagnosis
basice first aid 28

Role of Triage Personnel
1. Greets client and family in a warm empathetic manner.
2. Performs brief visual assessments.
3. Documents the assessment.
4. Triages clients into priority groups using appropriate guidelines.
5. Transports client to treatment area when necessary.
6. Gives report to the treatment nurse or emergency physician, documents
who report was given to and returns to the triage area
7. Keeps patients/families aware of delays.
8. Reassesses waiting clients as necessary
9. Instructs clients to notify triage nurse of any change in condition.
basice first aid 29

Triage scale
•Red
•Orange
•Yellow
•Green
•Black
basice first aid 30

basice first aid 31

Category 1
Immediate
Airway-obstructed/ partially obstructed
breathing-severe respiratory distress
-absent respiration
-hypoventilation
Circulation-severe hemodynamic compromise
-absent circulation
-uncontrolled hemorrhage and GCS<9.
basice first aid 32

Category 2
10 minutes
Airway-patent
Breathing-moderate resp distress
Circulation-moderate hemodynamic
compromise
GCS- 9-12
basice first aid 33

Category 3
30 min
Airway-patent
Breathing-mild resp distress
Circulation-mild hemodynamic compromise
GCS<12
basice first aid 34

Category 4
60min
Airway-patent
Breathing-no resp distress
Circulation-no hemodynamic compromise
GCS-normal(>12)
basice first aid 35

Category 5
120min
Airway-patent
Breathing-no resp distress
Circulation-no hemodynamic compromise
GCS-normal(around 15).
basice first aid 36

basice first aid 37

Basic life support(ABC)`
•Basic life support refer to the three critical
things you need to look for before performing
CPR.
•Check these three things frequently as you
give the person first aid
–Airway. Does the person have an unobstructed
airway?
–Breathing. Is the person breathing?
–Circulation. Does the person show a pulse at
major pulse points (wrist, carotid artery, groin)?
38basice first aid

A. Airway
•Check airway is free of
obstructions
•If casualty is not breathing,
open airway
•Remove visible obstructions
from mouth & nose
•Obstructions prevent
breathing impede provision
of rescue breathing
39basice first aid

40basice first aid

B’ = ‘Breathing:
•Check breathing by looking, listening &
feeling for breathing for up to 10 seconds
•If casualty is not breathing, administer
rescue breathing/mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
•If casualty is breathing then monitor them.
41
CHECK BREATHING
1. note skin colour
2. place ear near casualty’s lips, look, listen and
feel for breathing(LLF)
3. place hand on casualty’s lower chest and feel for
chest movement
4. listen for air movement in casualty’s airway
basice first aid

How to check for breathing:
•LOOK for movement of
the upper abdomen or
lower chest
• LISTEN for the escape of
air from nose and mouth
•FEEL for breath on the
side of your face /
movement of the chest
and upper abdomen.
•This should take you no
longer than 10 seconds.
42
Checking for breathing
basice first aid

•If the chest does not
rise, ensure correct
head tilt, adequate air
seal and ventilation.
•Following inflation of
the lungs, lift your
mouth from the victim's
mouth, turn your head
towards the victim’s
chest and listen and
feel for air being
exhaled from the
mouth and nose.
43
Rescue breathing using universal
precautions
Rescue breathing with out universal
precautions
basice first aid

‘C’ = check ‘Circulation’:
•This will indicate if heart is
beating
•No pulse = no heartbeat & no
circulation
•If you cannot detect a pulse,
begin chest compressions
•If casualty is not breathing and
there is no pulse, administer
CPR.
44basice first aid

45basice first aid

Chain of survival
•Is the key steps to surviving in life threatening conditions
•There are five links in this chain and each one needs to
occur promptly to ensure survival.
1. Early recognition by a bystander that a problem exists.
2. Early call to activate the Emergency Medical Services
(EMS).
3. Early CPR to maintain artificial ventilation and circulation
until the EMS arrives.
4. Early defibrillation to deal with the heart’s electrical
problems.
5. Early advanced medical care.
46basice first aid

•The survival rate for cardiac arrest is very low in
most countries, It is time-critical, with the
chances of survival decreasing by about 10% for
every minute you have to wait for a defibrillator.
47basice first aid

10/04/24 By:Abera S.

Lo2:-Apply basic first aid techniques
First aid and the respiratory system
49
Structures in the process of
respiration
–The conduction portion
–The exchange portion
–The structures involved with
ventilation
•Skeletal & musculature
•Pleural membranes
•Neural pathways
•All divided into
–Upper respiratory tract
•Entrance to larynx
–Lower respiratory tract
•Larynx to alveoli (trachea
to lungs)
basice first aid

basice first aid 50
Respiratory emergency is a condition in which
normal breathing stops or breathing is reduced so
that oxygen intake is insufficient to support life.
Artificial respiration is a procedure for making
air to flow into and out of a person’s lungs when
his natural breathing is inadequate or ceases.
- an emergency procedure whereby breathing is
maintained artificially

basice first aid 51
•Natural breathing is accomplished by
increasing and decreasing the capacity of
the chest and the lung.
•During inhalation phase(inspiration)
–the muscles of the chest lift the ribs,
expanding the chest.
–diaphragm contracts and descends toward
the abdomen.
–the chest cavities increased in size and air
flows in.

basice first aid 52
During exhalation
–The muscles relax allowing the ribs and
diaphragm resume their normal
position,
–The chest cavity becomes smaller, and
air flows out.

basice first aid 53
•The body does not store oxygen but
needs a continuous fresh supply
Air entering the body
–21% Oxygen
–0.04% Carbon dioxide
–The remaining of the air is largely
Nitrogen

Airway obstruction
•Airway obstruction may be partial or complete and
may be present in the conscious or the unconscious
victim.
•Some typical causes of airway obstruction may
include, but are not limited to:
oRelaxation of the airway muscles due to
unconsciousness;
oInhaled foreign body;
oTrauma to the airway;
oAnaphylactic reaction leading to swelling of the
airway.
54basice first aid

There are two types of airway obstruction:
Partial:
•Breathing is laboured;
•Breathing may be noisy;
•Some escape of air can be felt from the mouth..
Complete:
•There may be efforts at breathing;
•There is no sound of breathing;
•There is no escape of air from nose and/or mouth.
Airway obstruction may not be apparent in
the non-breathing unconscious victim until
rescue breathing is attempted.
55basice first aid

Causes of Respiratory Failure
A. Anatomic Obstruction
B. Mechanical Obstruction
C. Air depleted of oxygen or containing toxic gases
D. Additional causes
Drowning
Circulatory collapse (shock)
Heart disease
Strangulation
Lung disease e.g. pneumonia
Poisoning by alcohol, barbiturate, codeine etc.
Electrical shock
Compression of the chest e.g. accident
basice first aid 56

A. Anatomical Obstruction
1.Obstruction by tongue – the most common
cause
2. Other causes of obstruction that constrict
the air passages are:
• Asthma
• Croup
• Diphtheria
• Laryngeal spasm
• Swallowing of corrosive poisons
• Direct injury
basice first aid 57

B. Mechanical Obstruction
•Solid foreign objects lodging in the
respiratory passage e.g. choking of food
•Accumulation of fluids in the back of the
throat (mucous ,blood or saliva)
•Aspiration (Inhalation of any solid or
liquid substance)
basice first aid 58

Signs and symptoms:
The indications that someone may be struggling
with an obstruction are:
•Panic
•Grasping the throat
•Inability to speak
•Inability to breathe
•Colour of face (pallor)
•Inability to cough.
59basice first aid

Treatment for choking adults and children
Effective Cough (Partial Airway Obstruction)
•A casualty with an effective cough should be
given reassurance and encouragement to
keep coughing to expel the foreign material.
•If the obstruction is not relieved the rescuer
should call an ambulance
60basice first aid

Ineffective Cough (Severe Airway Obstruction):
Conscious Victim
•If the casualty is conscious,
call an ambulance
•Perform up to five sharp,
back blows with the heel of
one hand in the middle of the
back between the shoulder
blades. Check to see if each
back blow has relieved the
airway obstruction. The aim
is to relieve the obstruction
with each blow rather than
to give all five blows
61
Supporting the casualty / Delivering
back blows
basice first aid

•If back blows are unsuccessful the rescuer should perform
up to five chest thrusts.
•Check to see if each chest thrust has relieved the airway
obstruction.
•The aim is to relieve the obstruction with each chest thrust
rather than to give all five chest thrusts.
• To perform chest thrusts, identify the same compression
point as for CPR and give up to five chest thrusts.
•These are similar to chest compressions but sharper and
delivered at a slower rate.
•Children and adults may be treated in the sitting or
standing position. If the obstruction is still not relieved,
continue alternating five back blows with five chest thrusts.
62basice first aid

63
Chest Thrusts
basice first aid

Unconscious Victim
•The finger sweep can be used in the
unconscious victim with an obstructed airway if
solid material is visible in the airway.
Commence CPR immediately!
Treatment for choking infants (less than 1 year):
•The following procedure is for a choking infant:
•Check to see if the obstruction can be cleared
using the finger sweep.
64basice first aid

•Lay the infant in a lying face down position over your
forearm, supporting the baby’s face and body with your
arm. The infant’s body should be inclined downwards to
utilise the effects of gravity.
•Deliver up to five blows between the infant’s shoulder
blades.
•If the obstruction is still present, turn the infant onto their
back, again with the body inclined.
•Deliver up to five chest thrusts between the infant’s
nipples (breast bone) using two fingers.
•Repeat this process until the obstruction is cleared or the
infant becomes unresponsive.
•Commence CPR if the infant becomes unresponsive.
65basice first aid

Procedure for opening air way
A/ Head tilt –chin lift
-Place the palm of one hand
on the victim’s forehead
-Apply firm , backward pressure
-Lipping the victim’s head
backward as far as possible
-Additional assistance is gained
by either neck lift or chin lift
performed with other hand
66
Head tilt / Chin lift
Airway is opened by two methods
basice first aid

B/ Jaw thrust
-This is used when a
cervical or spinal injury
is suspected
-After mandible is
displaced forward
support the head
carefully without
tilting it backward or
turning it from side to
side
67basice first aid

Procedure for CPR and rescue breathing
•CPR is a technique of providing external cardiac
massage and artificial ventilation.
•When the heart is not beating, chest
compressions are needed to circulate blood
containing oxygen.
•Given together, rescue breaths and chest
compressions help to take over for the heart
and lungs.
•CPR increases the chances of survival for a
person in cardiac and respiratory arrest.
68basice first aid

CPR FOR ADULTS
•To determine if an unconscious adult needs
CPR, follow the emergency action steps
(CHECK—CALL—CARE)

■
CHECK the scene and the injured or ill person

■
CALL for an assistance

■
CHECK for breathing for no more than 10 seconds.

■
Quickly CHECK for severe bleeding.

■
If the person is not breathing, give CARE by
beginning CPR. 69basice first aid

•For chest compressions to be the most
effective, the person should be on his or her
back on a firm, flat surface.
•If the person is on a soft surface like a sofa or
bed, quickly move him or her to a firm, flat
surface before you begin.
70basice first aid

To perform CPR on an adult:
Position your body correctly by kneeling be side the
person’s upper chest, placing your hands in the
correct position, and keeping your arms and elbows
as straight as possible so that your shoulders are
directly over your hands.
Your body position is important when giving chest
compressions.
Compressing the person’s chest straight down will
help you reach the necessary depth. Using the
correct body position also will be less tiring for you.
71basice first aid

Locate the correct hand
position by placing the heel
of one hand on the person’s
sternum (breastbone) at the
center of his or her chest
your other hand directly on
top of the first hand and try
to keep your fingers off of the
chest by interlacing them or
holding them upward.
If you feel the notch at the
end of the sternum, move
your hands slightly toward
the person’s head.
72basice first aid

Give 30 chest compressions. Push hard, push
fast at a rate of at least 100 compressions per
minute.
Note that the term “100 compressions per
minute” refers to the speed of compressions,
not the number of compressions given in a
minute.
As you give compressions, count out loud, and
Push down as you say the number and come up
as you say “and.” This will help you to keep a
steady, even rhythm.
73basice first aid

Give compressions by pushing the sternum down at
least 2 inches.
The downward and upward movement should be
smooth, not jerky.
Push straight down with the weight of your upper
body, not with your arm muscles.
This way, the weight of your upper body will create
the force needed to compress the chest.
Do not rock back and forth. Rocking results in less-
effective compressions and wastes much needed
energy.
74basice first aid

After each compression, release the pressure on the chest
without removing your hands or changing hand position
Allow the chest to return to its normal position before
starting the next compression.
Maintain a steady down-and-up rhythm and do not pause
between compressions.
When you press down, the walls of the heart squeeze
together, forcing the blood to empty out of the heart.
When you come up, you should release all pressure on
the chest, but do not take hands off the chest.
This allows the heart’s chambers to fill with blood
between compressions.
75basice first aid

Once you have given 30 compressions, open the airway
using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique and give 2 rescue
breaths.
Each rescue breath should last about 1 second and make
the chest clearly rise.
Open the airway and give rescue breaths, one after the
other.
Tilt the head back and lift the chin up.
Pinch the nose shut then make a complete seal over the
person’s mouth. Blow in for about 1 second to make the
chest clearly rise.
Continue cycles of chest compressions and rescue breaths..
76basice first aid

If Two Responders Are Available
If two responders trained in CPR are at the scene,
both should identify themselves as being trained.
One should call for help while the other performs
CPR.
If the first responder is tired and needs help:
The first responder should tell the second responder
to take over.
The second responder should immediately take over
CPR, beginning with chest compressions.
77basice first aid

78
CPR techniques
basice first aid

For adults…
79basice first aid

When to Stop CPR
•Once you begin CPR, do not stop
except in one of these situations:

■
You notice an obvious sign of life,
such as breathing.

■
An automated external
defibrillator(AED) is available and
ready to use.

■
Another trained responder or EMS
personnel take over.

■
You are too exhausted to continue.

■
The scene becomes unsafe.
80
While finished CPR
put the victim to the
recovery position
basice first aid

CPR For Small children(1-8 years)
•place the palm of one
hand in the centre of the
chest, approximately
between the nipple line.
•Bring your shoulder
directly above your
hand, with your arm
straight, and perform
compressions to one
third (1/3) the depth of
the chest with one arm
only.
81basice first aid

For children…..
82basice first aid

CPR for infants
In infants the two finger
technique should be used by
lay rescuers to minimize
transfer time from
compression to ventilation.
Having obtained the
compression point the rescuer
places two fingers on this point
and compresses the chest.
Interruptions to chest
compressions must be
minimized.
83basice first aid

For infants….
84basice first aid

Summary for CPR
85
Note: 5 cycle compression to 6 cycle breathing (150,12)
basice first aid

RECOVERY POSITION
•For people who are unconscious, or semiconscious,
but are still breathing.
•If there are spinal or neck injuries, do not attempt to
place the casualty in the recovery position.
•NOTE: Leaving the victim in this position for long
periods may cause them to experience nerve
compression.
86basice first aid

STEP 1: Kneel next to the
person. Place the arm
closest to you straight out
from the body. Position the
far arm with the back of the
hand against the near cheek.
STEP 2: Grab and bend the
person’s far knee.
http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/firstaid/recovery.shtml
87
Procedure of recovery position
basice first aid

STEP 3: Protecting the
head with one hand, gently
roll the person toward you
by pulling the far knee over
and to the ground.
STEP 4: Tilt the head up
slightly so that the airway is
open. Make sure that the
hand is under the cheek.
Place a blanket or coat over
the person (unless he/she
has a heat illness or fever)
and stay close until help
arrives.
88basice first aid

Drowning
•Drowning or near drowning is the process of
experiencing respiratory impairments from
immersion in liquid/ water.
•Death due to drowning occurs because of
inhalation of water into the lungs.
•This causes spasm of the upper part of the
larynx (epiglottis) which blocks the airway.
•Quick action on one’s part can save the life of
the victim
89basice first aid

Various warning sings which may indicate that a
person may be drowning are as follows:
•The strokes of the victim become erratic and
jerky.
•As the victim gets more tired, the body tends
to sink, until it is vertical and only the head is
visible above water.
•The victim’s face turns congested and then
blue.
90basice first aid

Management
•Clearing the airway and artificial breathing should be
started in the water itself and continued till the victim
is out of water.
•Then is airway should be cleared by turning him on his
abdomen or by lowering his head.
•The use of Heimlich’s Maneuver ( Roll casualty onto
their side to check and clear the airway) may be
helpful in expelling water from the lungs
•After clearing the airway, mouth to mouth breathing
should be started. It is important to note that many
victims can be saved by continuing the resuscitative
efforts for a prolonged period.
91basice first aid

•Patients who have been submerged for 30
minutes or more have been saved using the
standard CPR. This is particularly so if the
water is very cold as this reduces the body
temperature thereby lowering the body
metabolism. Therefore, CPR must be
continued till medical help arrives.
•To re-emphasize, time should not be wasted
in trying to remove water from the lungs.
92basice first aid

Smoke inhalation
•Carbon monoxide is a color less odorless, tasteless, none
irritating gas produce from incomplete combustion of
carbon containing materials.
•Toxicity depends on the level of carbon monoxide
inhaled and the length of time of exposure.
•Sulfur dioxide and Nitrous oxide are toxic agents inhaled
in as soot. In the presence of water; they form corrosive
acid and alkalis that are extremely toxic.
•Propane and butane gases ammonia, car exhaust fume
have carbon monoxide.
93basice first aid

94
Sign and symptoms
Carbon monoxide blood level: Clinical features
0 - 10% - none, smokers normally have 10% CO
level
10 – 20 - headache, visual disturbance , angina,
slowed mental function
20 – 40% - tight feeling in head, rapid fatigue from
muscular effort, decreased muscular
coordination, confusion, irritability, ataxia, nausea,
vomiting, increased pulse rate, decreased blood
pressure, dysrhythmias.
40 – 60% - pulmonary and cardiac dysfunction,
collapse, coma, convulsions.
Over 60%- fatal suffocation, unconsciousness
basice first aid

Management
The victim should be dragged away from the smoke
and his breathing and pulse are checked.
If he /she breath normally and unconscious, put him/
her in a shock position
If breathing stops; - mouth to mouth ventilation
should be started immediately.
Refer to the Hospital.
95basice first aid

3. First aid and the circulatory system
Circulatory
system
Components
– Heart
–Blood Vessels
–Blood
96basice first aid

Heart attack
•It is also called ‘myocardial infarction’.
•Occurs as a result of death of part of the cardiac
muscle due to insufficient oxygen supply to the
heart.
•Can occur suddenly, without warning or exertion.
•This can be prevented with appropriate medical
intervention and drugs.
•As only advanced medical professionals can
administer these drugs, the key to survival is calling
an ambulance or seeking medical attention quickly
97basice first aid

Signs and symptoms:
•A casualty experiencing a heart attack may
display one or more of the following signs and
symptoms:
Sweating
Pain or discomfort in the chest, arms, jaw, neck,
or teeth; normally described as squeezing,
tightness, or a crushing pain.
Pallor of the skin
Nausea
Shortness of breath
98basice first aid

Management
When a heart attack occurs, the steps for
management are:
•Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD
•Seek medical attention (make sure EMS are en
route).
•If unresponsive and breathing is adequate,
place the casualty in a stable side position
•Have the casualty stop all physical activity,
and any unnecessary movement.
99basice first aid

Management…..
•Place them in a comfortable position
if conscious, normally the sitting
position as it is easier to breath
•If the casualty has their medication,
assist them in following their cardiac
plan
•Loosen any tight clothing
•If the person becomes unconscious,
prepare for potential cardiac arrest
follow DRS ABCD (CPR and AED).
•Carry out secondary assessment
•Rest and reassure
100
Heart attack
position
basice first aid

DRS ABCD:
•D - Danger
•R - Response
•S - Send for help
A - Airway
B - Breathing
C - CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) +
Control Major Bleeding
D - Defibrillation
101basice first aid

Cardiac arrest / Heart Failure
•Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart is no longer able to
effectively pump blood around the body.
•If not treated, this will cause death within minutes.
•One of the consequences of cardiac arrest is the
disruption of the electrical activation of the heart.
•When this happens, the heart muscle can rapidly contract
in an uncoordinated fashion.
•This rhythm is called ventricular fibrillation (VF).
•While a heart attack is the most common cause of cardiac
arrest, it is not the only cause and the majority of people
who suffer a heart attack do not have cardiac arrest.
102basice first aid

There are three signs that someone has had a
cardiac arrest:
1. Sudden loss of responsiveness
2. No breathing
3. No movement or other signs of life
103basice first aid

First aid for cardiac arrest
•Detecting Sudden Cardiac Arrest
•Watch for a sudden collapse or fainting.
•Check for pulse
•See if the person is breathing

•Determine if the person is alert
•Do CPR
104basice first aid

4. First aid and the nervous system
Nervous system
• Components
–Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
•Responsible for
–Sensory perceptions, mental activities, stimulating
muscle movements, secretions of many glands
•Subdivisions
–Central nervous system (CNS)
–Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
105basice first aid

Head trauma/injury
•Head Injury is damage to living brain tissue
caused by an external mechanical force.
•It is usually characterised by a period of
unconsciousness lasting minutes, months or
indefinitely.
•The resulting damage to the brain tissue
impairs the individual's abilities both physically
and mentally.
•Other causes of head injuries are chemical
exposure and alcohol related damage.
106basice first aid

Cause
•Motor vehicle accidents
•Assaults through blunt force trauma
•Sporting accidents
•Accidents at home
•Industrial accident
•Exposure to solvents
•Exposure to drugs and alcohol
107basice first aid

Signs and symptoms of head injuries are:
•Skull deformity
•Obvious signs of a head wound
•Bleeding or straw coloured fluid discharge from ears, nose
or mouth.
•Slurred speech
•Bruising around the edges of the eyes (raccoon eyes)and
behind the ears
•Unconsciousness, drowsiness or vagueness
•Loss of memory ,Agitation or irritability
•Lack of coordination
•Bleeding into the eyes ,Changes in size or shape of pupils
•Seizures.
108basice first aid

Management
•Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD
•Seek medical attention (make sure EMS are en route).
•If unresponsive and breathing is adequate, place the casualty
in a stable side position
•When you move the casualty, immobilize the casualty by
supporting the head and neck with both hands. This will
minimize head, neck and spinal movement.
•Control any external bleeding.
•If the casualty is bleeding from the ear, carefully position them
with the bleeding ear down. However, if you find the casualty
is bleeding from both ears, cover the ears with a sterile pad.
•Undertake a secondary assessment.
•Rest and reassure the casualty.
109basice first aid

Stroke
•A stroke is the loss of brain function that
occurs due to a disruption in the blood vessels
supplying blood to the brain.
•There are two ways in which this can occur:
1. A clot blocks an artery supplying blood to the
brain (80% of strokes).
2. An artery in the brain ruptures.
110basice first aid

Signs and symptoms:
The signs and symptoms for someone who has
experienced some type of cerebral event are:
•Sudden weakness and/or numbness of the face, the
arms, or the legs, especially on one side of the body
•Difficulty in understanding speech or speaking
•Loss of vision
•Confusion
•Loss of movement control or balance
•Severe headache
•Loss of bladder control
•Unresponsiveness
111basice first aid

•The focus in the pre-hospital setting is to get the casualty to
hospital via ambulance as soon as possible.
•The airway and breathing should be managed and
monitored at all times before the arrival of an ambulance.
Apply the F.A.S.T. diagnostic tool:
F - Face - does the face look uneven
A - Arm - does one arm drift down when both at equal
positions
S - Speech - does their speech sound different
T - Time - Call for an ambulance immediately if you suspect
someone has had a stroke. Time is of importance in
treating the casualty with advanced care and drugs.
112basice first aid

Management of stroke casualties
The steps for the management of a responsive
stroke casualty are:
•Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD
•Seek medical attention (make sure EMS are en
route).
•Lay casualty down with their head raised.
•Loosen any tight clothing.
•Reassure the casualty.
•Gain the casualty’s history through SAMPLE
questioning.
113basice first aid

Sample questions
•S -Signs and symptoms
•A -Allergies-are you allergic to anything?
•M -Medications-are you on any medication,
when and how long ago did you take it?
•P -Past history- do you have any medical
conditions, has this happened before?
•L -Last meal-when did you last eat or drink?
•E -Events prior to incident. What happened,
what were you doing?
114basice first aid

The steps for the management of an unresponsive
stroke casualty are:
oCarry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD
oSeek medical attention (make sure EMS are en route).
oIf unresponsive and breathing is adequate, place the
casualty in a stable side position
oLoosen any tight clothing
oUndertake the secondary assessment
oBe prepared for the deterioration of the casualty’s
condition, follow DRS ABCD (CPR and AED)
Note:
•Do not allow the use of any type of aspirin, as this may have
detrimental effects on the casualty if they are bleeding in the
brain as a consequence of a stroke.
115basice first aid

Seizure
•Seizures occur when parts of the brain are affected by
sudden, uncontrolled activity.
•They are usually short-lasting and can appear in
different ways.
•The most common is when the entire body of the
casualty has uncontrolled jerking movements in the
head, the arms, and the legs.
•Seizures are normally brief (less than 10 minutes) and
will result in little injury to the casualty.
•A seizure that is prolonged or recurring is a serious
medical emergency and, if untreated, can result in
death.
116basice first aid

Signs and symptoms
A casualty experiencing a seizure may display one or more of
the following signs and symptoms:
•Aura, which is an unusual sensation preceding a seizure
•The casualty may go quiet and stare
•Loss of bladder control
•Jerking movements of the head, arms, and legs
•Unusual breathing sounds
•Clenched jaw
•The skin may be warm to the touch in infants and children
•Unconsciousness
•The casualty may be wearing a Medic Alert bracelet
117basice first aid

Management:
The steps for the management of seizures are:
Protect the casualty from injury, for example, move
furniture away.
Use SAMPLE questioning to obtain the casualty’s history
from family and/or bystanders.
When the seizure stops, carry out primary survey DRS
ABCD.
 If unresponsive and breathing is adequate, place the
casualty in a stable side position
 Carry out secondary assessment and deal with any injuries
Protect the dignity of the casualty by shielding from
onlookers
Reassure them
118basice first aid

5. First aid for shock and allergic reaction
Shock
 Shock occurs when the circulatory system fails, and
insufficient oxygen reaches the tissues.
 If the condition is not treated quickly, vital organs
can fail, ultimately causing death.
Shock is made worse by fear and pain.
119basice first aid

SYMPTOMS:
Clammy skin (cool, pale and damp)
Restlessness and nervousness
Thirst
Loss of blood
Confusion
Fast breathing
Nausea or vomiting
Blotched or bluish skin (especially around the
mouth and lips)
Often perspires freely may pass out
120basice first aid

CAUSES:
Shock can be divided into 4 types:
•Hypovolemic shock
–caused by the loss of blood volume (such as through bleeding)
or profound dehydration
•Cardiogenic shock
–a result of a weakened heart that is unable to pump blood as
efficiently as it once did. Commonly occurs after a massive
heart attack
•Distributive shock
–a result of the lack of distribution of blood to the
organsDistributive shock-Septic shock
– -Neurogenic shock
– -Anaphylactic shock
– -Endocrine shock
•Obstructive shock
–results from an obstruction to blood flow at a site other than the
heart
121basice first aid

TREATMENT:
•Position the casualty on their back
•Elevate the Legs
•Loosen clothing at neck waist or wherever it is
binding
•Climatize (prevent too hot or too cold)
•Reassure (keep the casualty calm)
•Notify medical personnel (Help, Get a medic!)
•three stages:
•1. Initial non-progressive phase.
•2. Progressive stage (established shock)
•3. An irreversible stage.
122basice first aid

Allergic reaction
•Mild to moderate allergic reactions are not generally
life–threatening.
•Small singular welts(swelling), an itch or a small
localized rash is relatively harmless.
•However, some mild to moderate reactions may
develop further into anaphylaxis and so careful
monitoring is needed.
Initiated by generalized IgE mediated hypersensitivity
response, associated with systemic vasodilatation
&increased vascular permeability.
E.g. penicillin allergy
123basice first aid

Signs and symptoms – May
•include mild swelling of face, eyes and lips,
hives(rash), welts on skin,
•tingling mouth, stomach pain and vomiting
•if this occurs after insect bite, then consider as
signs of anaphylaxis) or envenomation.
124basice first aid

First aid
If signs and symptoms are present, the
casualty
•may consider self–administering their own
antihistamines for relief.
•Stay with person to monitor them.
•Remove any visible hazards e.g. for insect allergy, flick
out the sting if it can be seen.
•Move the casualty to a safer area away from the source
of the reaction e.g. flower bed, etc.
• If treating a child, contact the parent/guardian or other
emergency contact.
125basice first aid

Anaphylaxis
•Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic caused by an
‘antigen’ to which the individual has previously
been exposed to.
•The immune system misidentifies the allergen as
dangerous and may produce a severe histamine
release, causing a sharp drop in blood pressure,
hives and breathing difficulties.
•The reaction may be fatal if emergency
treatment, including epinephrine (adrenaline)
injections, is not given immediately.
126basice first aid

Signs and symptoms:
Itching or tingling in or around the mouth and
throat
 Swelling of the lips, face, eyes and throat area
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Tightening of the chest
Hives or redness
Abnormal pain or vomiting
Loss of consciousness and collapse
127basice first aid

Management
Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD
If unresponsive and breathing is adequate, place the
casualty in a stable side position
Assist patient to self administer prescribed medication
that the patient may have.
If breathing is inadequate (less than 6 breaths p/m),
assist breathing with the bag mask or rescue breathing
Be prepared for the deterioration of the casualty’s
condition (CPR and AED if the casualty is non-
breathing).
128basice first aid

6. First aid for bleeding and injuries
Bleeding
Bleeding is one of the most rectifiable causes of
death following trauma,
therefore controlling external bleeding is a main
priority when administering care in a pre-
hospital environment.
There are three main types of blood vessel:
•Arteries
•Veins
•Capillaries
129basice first aid

new
BleedingBleeding
= escaped blood from the blood vessels
Hemorrhage – large amount of bleeding in a short
time
External bleeding –seen blood coming from an open
wound –outside the body
- often overestimated
Internal bleeding – inside the body
- often underestimated

New New BleedingBleeding
3 kinds according to its source:
1.Arterial
•bright red colour
•under pressure, comes out in spurts
•the most serious
•fast rate
•large blood loss
•less likely to clot (clot only when blood flow is slow)
•dangerous : it must be controlled

Types of bleeding:
Arterial bleeding:-
will be profuse and rapid because it is under
pressure.
It will be spurting as the heart beats, which will
make it difficult to control and difficult for clots
to form.
This bleeding will be bright red as arterial blood
is comprised of highly oxygenated red blood cells.
Arterial bleeding is a significant and life-
threatening blood loss.
132basice first aid

New New BleedingBleeding
3 kinds according to its source:
2. Venous
•dark red colour
•low pressure
•blood flow steadily
•it is easier to control
•most veins collaps when cut
but
•bleeding from deep veins can be as massive
as arterial bleeding !!!

Venous bleeding:-
 Is easier to control because the blood in the
veins is under less pressure, which assists with
clotting.
Because it carries less oxygen, venous blood is
a much darker red.
Dangerous levels of blood loss can occur from
venous bleeding
134basice first aid

Capillary bleeding:-
o is the most common and easiest to control, as
capillaries are closest to the surface of the
skin.
oBlood tends to ooze rather than flow or gush
as the pressure in the capillaries is very low.
135basice first aid

New New BleedingBleeding
3 kinds according to its source:
3.Capillary bleeding
• oozing out, leaking
• most common
• blood oozes
• usually not serious
• easily controlled
• often it clots and stops itself
4. Mixed bleeding

Management of bleeding :
•Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD
•Seek medical attention (make sure EMS are en route)
•Make sure their isn't a foreign body in the wound before
applying direct pressure
•Apply direct pressure
•Elevate the affected area above the level of the heart, if
possible.
•If unresponsive and breathing is adequate, place the
casualty in the recovery position
•Severe bleeding may lead to unconsciousness and may
require life support (CPR)
•Rest and reassure
137basice first aid

Direct pressure:
138
•Direct pressure is the main
treatment used to
manage bleeding:
1. After checking for any
foreign objects in the
wound, apply firm
pressure, directly onto and
into wound, using large
sterile trauma dressings.
2. If blood soaks through the
initial dressing, apply
further dressings as
required.
Application of direct pressure
basice first aid

Crush injuries
•Is a condition when a body part is/are
subjected to a high degree of pressure from
being squeezed between two heavy or
immobile objects.
Causes –
A variety of situations such as vehicle
entrapment, falling debris, industrial accident,
mining accidents or by prolonged pressure to
a part of the body due to their own body
weight in an immobile casualty.
139basice first aid

Injuries –
oLaceration, fracture, bleeding, bruising, spinal
injury and in severe cases, crush syndrome
may develop.
Note – A crushing force to the head, neck, chest
or abdomen can cause death from breathing
failure or heart failure so it must be removed
promptly.
140basice first aid

•The casualty may have no pain and there may
be no external signs of injury.
•They may go into shock or become
unconscious.
•An ambulance should be called immediately.
•All casualties who have been subjected to
crush injuries should be taken to hospital for
immediate investigation.
141basice first aid

First aid for crush injury
call an ambulance if it is safe and physically possible
all crushing forces should be removed from the casualty as soon
as possible
control any bleeding
 keep casualty warm and at rest
make comfortable, use padding and pillows for fractures or
dislocations
monitor the casualty’s condition and vital signs until ambulance
arrives
DO NOT leave the casualty except if necessary to call an
ambulance
DO NOT use a tourniquet for the first aid management of a crush
injury
142basice first aid

Blunt or penetrating abdominal injury
Abdominal injuries
•The abdominal cavity contains solid organs like the liver
and the spleen and hollow organs.
•Different organs react in different ways when subjected
to trauma.
Types
1. Blunt abdominal injury
•may be due to road traffic injuries, fall, or Kicks from
people or animals.
•solid intrabdominal organs like spleen and liver are
injured mostly causing intra-abdominal bleeding
143basice first aid

2. Penetrating abdominal injury
•May be due to bullets, blast fragments or
knife stabs.
•The small intestine is the most frequently
injured organ and often results in peritonitis.
144basice first aid

Symptoms and signs of abdominal injury
-Abdominal pain
-Bleeding from the wound
-Part of the intestine may be visible in, or
protruding from the injury
-Vomiting
-Symptoms and signs of shock
145basice first aid

First aid for abdominal injury
 Control any bleeding by carefully squeezing the
edges of the wound together
Place the causality in half sitting position with the
knees bent
Apply dressing to the wound and secure with a
bandage
If the causality becomes unconscious but breath
normally , support the abdomen and place causality
in recovery position
If breathing and heart beat stop , begin resuscitation
immediately
146basice first aid

Abdominal…
Treat shock
Check breathing , pulse rate and look for
evidence of internal bleeding
During coughing or vomiting , support the
abdomen by pressing gently on the cloth or
dressing to prevent protrusion of the
intestines
Shift the causality to the hospital
147basice first aid

Eye injuries
Since the eyes are delicate, they can be affected
easily there fore; immediate help should be
given.
Signs and symptoms
•ƒ Pain inside the eye
•ƒ Wound or cut around the eye ball
•ƒ Different between the size of eye ball
•ƒ Sight decreases
•ƒ Inflammation and infection
148basice first aid

Management of the eye injury
•ƒ A very light covering be applied to an injured
eyes
•ƒ Do not apply pressure
•ƒ Reassure the patient
•ƒ If no improvement in few days, Refer the
victim to the nearest health facility
149basice first aid

Foreign objects
Foreign bodies in the eyes:
•A foreign can be; dust, ash, particles of sands, or small fly
etc.
•Often you can remove foreign from the eyes by flooding
it with taped boiled water.
If it does not work:
Instruct the patient not to rub his eyes, while the patient
is looking up; gently draw the lower lid down and out.
If the foreign body is seen on the lower lid remove it with
moistened cotton wool or the corner of a clean hand
kerchief
150basice first aid

151
If it does not
•ƒ Stand behind the patient
•ƒ Carefully place a smooth
match stick at the base lid and
pull and turn it in side out
over the math stick
•ƒ Remove the often body with
wisp of cotton wood
Note: - Do not try to remove a
foreign body from the eye ball
- If an acid or alkali gets in to the
eye, this can be very
dangerous hence, flood the
eye with running water for
several minutes
basice first aid

First aid for Foreign Bodies in the Ear
1.Remove Object if Possible
If you can see the foreign body in the ear and
remove it easily, carefully do so using tweezers.
Never poke at the ear or try to remove the
object by force.
2. Do Not Try to Remove Earwax
Don't use cotton swabs. They can push

earwax
deeper into the ear.
Other

earwax
removal methods can cause ear
damage.
152basice first aid

Ear….
3. When to See a Health Care Provider
See a

health care
provider immediately if:
•You cannot remove the foreign body easily by
yourself or if parts of the object remain in the
ear.
•Pain is severe.
•Pain,

hearing loss, or discomfort continues
after the object is removed.
153basice first aid

First aid for foreign bodies in the nose
1. Remove Object, if Possible
•Have the person breathe through his or her

mouth.
•For adult with an object partially out of the nose, try
to remove it with fingers or tweezers. Do not push it
further into the nose.
•For an object deeper in the nose, pinch the clear side
of the nose closed. Have the person blow his or her
nose hard several times. This may dislodge the object.
•If minor bleeding occurs after object removal, firmly
pinch the nose shut for 10 minutes. You can also put a
cold pack on the nose or cheeks for bleeding.
154basice first aid

2. When to See a Health Care Provider
See a

health care
provider or go to a hospital
emergency room if:
•You can't remove the object or can only remove part
of it.
•The object poses immediate danger.
•You're not comfortable removing a sharp object,
such as a nose ring or stud or broken glass.
•The person has a

bloody nose
that can't be stopped.
•Bad smelling fluid draining out of the nose.
155basice first aid

First aid for Foreign object in the skin
•You can usually safely remove a small foreign object —
such as a wood splinter, thorn, fiberglass or glass —
that's just under the surface of the skin:
•Wash your hands and clean the area well with soap and
water.
•Use tweezers cleaned with rubbing alcohol to remove
the object.
•If the object is under the surface of the skin, sterilize a
clean, sharp needle by wiping it with rubbing alcohol.
•Use the needle to gently lift or break the skin over the
object.
156basice first aid

Skin…..
Follow these precautions and steps first:
•Lift the tip of the object out and grasp it with your
tweezers.
•Squeeze the wound gently to allow bleeding to
wash out germs.
•Wash the area again and pat dry.
•Apply an antibiotic ointment.
Seek prompt medical help
for a foreign object that
seems to be more deeply embedded in the skin or
muscle.
157basice first aid

Skin….
•If it is deep don't try to remove the object. Doing so
could cause further harm.
•If needed, control bleeding by pressing firmly around
the object to bring the edges of the wound together
and by raising the injury higher than the heart.
•Bandage the wound.
•First put a piece of gauze over the object.
•Then, if it helps, put clean padding around the object
before binding the wound securely with a bandage or
a piece of clean cloth.
•Take care not to press too hard on the object.
158basice first aid

7. First aid for the musculoskeletal
system
Discuss about types of bones and muscles found
in human being ??????????
159basice first aid

7. First aid for the musculoskeletal system
160basice first aid

Fracture
161
• Is a breakage of bone
tissue or discontinuation of
bone tissue due to different
causes or accidents.
Possible cause:
1. accident / trauma
2. pathological due to bone
infection
3. tumor of the bone
Types of Fracture
• closed
• open
• compound/complicated
basice first aid

Sings and symptoms of fracture:
- Pain - protruding of the parts
- Swelling - mispositions
-Deformity - Unable to function
-Numbness or tingling sensation
-Discoloration severe pain
162basice first aid

General First aid management of Fracture
• Assess carefully but by fast
• Check respiratory condition
• Check bleeding / hemorrhage
• Consider the amount of loss
• Determine and arrange referral
• Asphyxia, bleeding, and severe wounds must be
dealt with before treating any fracture
• Support the injured part with supporting device,
immobilize the fracture, bandaging and use splints
• send the patient to hospital urgently
163basice first aid

Fracture…
Proper immobilization is important to prevent
further trauma, pain and complications.
164basice first aid

Management….
•Remove jewellery on injured limb
•Dress open wounds or burns before applying
splint or sling
•Cover exposed bone with a dressing
•Do not try to push bone back under skin
•Do not try to straighten or ’put together’
injured limb
•Place the fractured arm in a sling or splint.
165basice first aid

Management…
Placing a sling on a fractured arm:
•Place sling under injured arm so it is
centered,
base of sling is beyond the elbow and top
corner is over the shoulder of the injured side
•Position forearm with the hand slightly raised
•Bring lower portion of material over injured
arm and over shoulder of the uninjured side
•Tie the two corners in a knot on the side of
the neck on the uninjured side
•Twist pointed end of sling and tuck it in at
elbow.
166basice first aid

Management…
Applying a splint:
•Place one splint on each side of the
arm or leg
•Aim is to immobilise joints above and
below the fracture
•Secure splint above and below
fracture site with little movement to
the injured areas
•Use chest wall to immobilise a
fractured arm
•Use good leg to immobilise the
fractured leg if nothing is available.
167basice first aid

Spinal injuries
•The spinal cord is a mass of nerve fibres
that enables signals to travel between the
brain and the rest of the body.
•The spinal cord runs down through the
neck and is protected by the spinal column.
•The spinal column consists of 33 vertebrae
bones.
•They surround the spinal cord for
protection
•The spinal cord sits in the middle of the
vertebrae for protection.
•The vertebrae may be fractured or
dislocated, causing injury to the spinal cord
168basice first aid

basice first aid 169

The spine is broken into 4 regions:
1. the neck (cervical spine) – most vulnerable
2. the back of the chest (thoracic spine)
3. the lower back (lumbar spine)
4. the pelvic region.
170basice first aid

First aid –
extremely carefully considering spinal
alignment at all times.
Special care is required to prevent further or
permanent damage.
If a person feels numbness, tingling or pins
and needles in the hands or feet, has loss of
movement to arms and/or legs, has an altered
conscious state or their head or neck is in an
abnormal position
171basice first aid

•An ambulance must be called as soon as possible.
•If conscious, the casualty must be kept still and
their neck must be manually supported until help
arrives. Airway
•management takes precedence over any
suspected spinal injury.
•It is acceptable to gently move the head into a
neutral position to obtain a clear airway.
•If the casualty is unconscious they must be gently
rolled onto their side with as much support as
possible
172basice first aid

Dislocations
This is a joint injury in which the bones are partially or
completely pulled out of their normal position.
Dislocation can be caused by a strong force
wrenching the bone into an abnormal position, or by
violent muscle contraction.
This very painful injury most often affects the
shoulder, knee, jaw, or joints in the thumbs or fingers.
Dislocations may be associated with torn ligaments ,
or with damage to the synovial membrane that lines
the joint capsule
Joint dislocation can have serious consequences.
173basice first aid

If vertebrae are dislocated, the spinal cord can
be damaged.
Dislocation of the shoulder or hip may damage
the large nerves that supply the limbs and result
in partial paralysis.
A dislocation of any joint may also fracture the
bones involved.
It is difficult to distinguish a dislocation from a
closed fracture .
If you are in any doubt, treat the injury as a
fracture.
174basice first aid

Symptoms of dislocation
severe pain and deformity of the joint area,
tenderness and inability to move limb without
pain
shortening of the limb.
175basice first aid

First aid for dislocation
•Never try to straighten or put the dislocated
joint back in place.
• provide comfort and support for the injured
area and use an ice pack to reduce swelling.
•Reassure and keep him/her warm.
•Do not let them eat or drink anything until
they are seen by a doctor, in case they need
surgery.
176basice first aid

Strains and sprains
Strain
•Is over stretching of muscles due to over pulling of
muscles.
Causes:
• Lack of pre- exercise before doing sport activity
• Lifting of heavy loads /weight
• The most common one is back strain.
Signs and symptoms
• Pain (sudden sharp pain at the site of the injury)

• Stiffness of muscles

• Difficulty in moving the affected parts

177basice first aid

First Aid
•ƒ Place the victim in the most comfortable
position
•ƒ Cold compress during fracture phase Warm
compress (physiotherapy)
•ƒ Ant pain support and elevate the inured part
or limb and give antipain
•ƒ If not improved refer the victim
•In case of back strain use a hard board under
the bed or lay the victim down on a firm surface
178basice first aid

Sprain
•Is an injury which occurs at a joints when the ligaments and
tissue around particular joints are suddenly twisting or torn.
•ƒ Sprain is more severe than strain
•ƒ It usually happens or occurs at joint especially at ankle
joint.
•ƒ It might involve bone ( broken)
•ƒ Sprain is also tearing of ligaments
Signs and symptoms
•ƒ Pain specially on movement
•ƒ Swelling
•ƒ Loss of movement
179basice first aid

Treatment:
-Raise the limb
-Put on a cold compress
-Renew the compresses when
they get warm and dry
-Support the joint in most
comfortable position with
bandage
-Bandage firmly with figure of
eight bandage
- send for further treatment
180
Bandaging of sprain ankle
basice first aid

8. First aid for burns injury
•A burn causes the partial or complete
destruction of skin.
•Causes – Hot water or oil, fire, electricity and
direct contact with heat, chemicals, radiation
or frozen surfaces.
181basice first aid

Types of burn
Thermal burn or injury – Exposure to heat
sufficient
•enough to cause damage to the skin and
possibly deeper tissue.
•Most thermal burns are caused in one of the
following ways, FLAME, HOT LIQUIDS, HOT
OBJECTS, FLASH INJURIES and SUNBURN.
182basice first aid

Inhalation burn – Damaged airways may occur from
•inhalation of flames or heated air.
•Suspect an inhalation burn when an individual is trapped in
an enclosed space for some time with hot or toxic gas or
fumes produced by a fire, a leak, chemicals etc.
•Injury may also result from irritant gases, i.e. agents that
produce a chemical burn and an inflammatory response.
•Severe damage to the airways may result in swelling and
possible airway obstruction.
Scald burn injuries – Can be caused by hot liquids,
•grease, or steam.
•Liquid scalds can be further divided into spill and
immersion scalds.
183basice first aid

Electrical burns – Are associated with high or
low voltage.
High current flow may be associated with an entry and
exit wound, but most of the damage is to the deep
unseen tissues.
They are typically more severe than is apparent from
external appearance.
Cardiac arrest may also result from current flow
through the heart.
Be sure to turn off the power before going near or
touching the casualty.
Electrical burns include lightning strike
184basice first aid

Chemical burns – Acids and alkalis react with body
tissue and cause a burn.
Alkali burns are more serious than acid burns, as they
penetrate more deeply.
 No attempts should be made to neutralize either acid or
alkali burns, this will increase heat generation and may
cause even more damage.
Radiation burns – May be caused by sunburn, welder’s arc,
lasers, industrial microwave equipment and nuclear
radiation.
Bitumen burns – Occur from friction against the surface.
•Bike or skateboard accidents are the most common causes.
185basice first aid

186basice first aid

First aid
The aim for treatment of burns should be
•to stop the burning process, cool the burn area
with clean flowing water for at least 20 minutes,
•cover the burn and seek medical assistance for
further treatment.
•Maintain casualty’s temperature (keep casualty
warm).
•An ambulance must be called if the casualty is a
child or for significant burns and conditions such
as inhalation.
187basice first aid

During caring of burn
•do not enter a burning or toxic atmosphere without appropriate
protection
• if still on fire – stop drop cover and roll, smother flames with a
blanket, move away from the burning source to a safe environment
•stop the burning process, cool the burn and cover the burn
•assess responsiveness, shock and vital signs
•assess adequacy of airway and breathing and perform CPR if
required (ABCD)
•treat all burns with water, lots of it, for at least 20 minutes, (do not
use ice or ice water to cool the burn as further tissue damage may
result)
•if water is not available Hydrogen products may be used as an
alternative
188basice first aid

Burn…..
•check for other injuries, priorities and treat
•keep at rest and monitor until further medical assistance arrives
• if possible remove all rings and tight clothing before swelling
occurs
•do not peel off clothing which has stuck to burnt area
•do not break blisters or apply lotions, ointments, creams or
powders
•elevate the injured part to reduce swelling (if associated injuries
permit)
•cover the burnt area with a loose and light nonstick dressing,
preferably a sterile or clean, dry and lint-free material, such as
plastic cling wrap, handkerchief, sheet or pillowcase.
189basice first aid

Summary of first aid for burn
190basice first aid

9. First aid for poisons drugs and alcohol
•Poisons are substances that can cause temporary or
permanent damage if too much is absorbed by the
body.
•Someone can get drug poisoning from taking an
overdose of prescribed drugs, over the counter drugs,
or illegal drugs.
•But the effects will be different depending on the type
of drug and how the person has taken it, such as by
swallowing, inhaling or injecting.
191basice first aid

Poisonous substances can be:
Swallowed e.g. household chemicals and
medicines
Injected e.g. needles and animal bites
Inhaled e.g. gases and toxic fumes
Absorbed e.g. chemical splashes to the skin.
192basice first aid

Signs and symptoms of drug poisoning
•Stomach pain, nausea and vomiting.
•Sleepiness leading to unresponsiveness.
•Confusion and deliriousness.
•Excitable hyperactive behaviour.
•Sweating.
•Shaking hands.
•Hallucinations - they may claim to 'hear voices' or 'see
things'.
•Unusually slow or fast pulse.
•Unusually small or large pupils.
•Needle marks which may be infected.
193basice first aid

First aid for poisoning drugs
•If they're responsive, help them into a comfortable position
and ask them what they've taken.
•Gather as much information as you can. While you wait for
help to arrive, look for any packaging or containers that will
help identify the drugs.
•Keep checking their breathing, pulse and level of response.
•If they lose responsiveness at any point, open their airway,
check their breathing and prepare to treat someone who's
become unresponsive.
•Never try to make them vomit, but if they vomit naturally
then put some of this into a bag or container and send it for
laboratory - this may help them identify the drug.
194basice first aid

Chemical splashes to the eye
•rinse the eye with fresh slow-running water for 15 minutes,
•keeping the eyelids open.
•Be careful that the water does not flush the chemicals into
the unaffected eye.
Chemical splashes to the skin
•carefully remove any contaminated clothing making sure not
to come into contact with the poison or risk spreading it
further.
• Immediately rinse the skin area with fresh running water.
•Powered chemicals should be carefully brushed off first,
then flushed with water.
195basice first aid

Inhaled gases / toxic substances
•remove the person to fresh air (only if safe to do so)
•open any windows and doors — DO NOT turn on air
conditioning or fans.
•closely monitor airway and breathing.
Do Not:
•Try to neutralize by adding another chemical
•Remove anything that is sticking to the burn
•Apply lotions, ointments, or fat to the injury
•Break blisters or otherwise interfere with the injured
area
196basice first aid

For Ingestion of poisoned substance :
1. Do not make the casualty vomit(if it is strong
chemical).
2. Wash out the mouth with water.
3. Give 1 pint (500 ml) of water to drink.
4. Transfer casualty to hospital.
197basice first aid

Alcohol poisoning
•Alcohol poisoning is what happens to someone when
they've drunk a dangerous amount of alcohol,
normally in a short space of time.
•Drinking too much alcohol stops the nervous system
from working properly, particularly in the brain. This
can severely weaken the mental and physical body
functions, like sight, speech, coordination and
memory.
•Alcohol poisoning can also send a person into deep
unresponsiveness and, at worst, can slow or even
shut down their breathing, causing death.
198basice first aid

Sign and symptoms of alcohol poisoning
If you think someone may have alcohol poisoning,
these are the key things to look for:
•A strong smell of alcohol and you may see empty
bottles or cans.
•Confusion and slurred speech.
•Vomiting.
•Reddened and moist face.
•Deep, noisy breathing.
•A strong, pounding pulse.
•Unresponsiveness
199basice first aid

First aid for alcohol poisoning
•Reassure them and cover them with a coat or
blanket to keep them warm.
•Check them over for any injuries, especially head
injuries, or any other medical conditions.
•If they are breathing normally but are not fully
responsive, place them into the recovery position.
•Keep checking their breathing, level of response and
pulse.
•Don't make them be sick as this could block their
airway and stop them from breathing.
200basice first aid

•If you're unsure about how serious their
condition is then call for medical help.
•If they lose responsiveness at any point, open
their airway, check their breathing and
prepare to treat someone who's become
unresponsive.
201basice first aid

10. First aid for envenomation bites and
stings
Envenomation
is the process by which
malice

is injected into some animal by the bite (or
sting) of a venomous animal.
Most venoms are administered by biting the
skin of the victim, but some venoms are
applied externally, especially to sensitive
tissues such as those that surround the eyes.
Death may occur as a result of bites or stings.
202basice first aid

Snake
•All snake bites are not fatal
•Only a small quantity of venom
may be fatal
•Most people die from fear and
venom is not point of
consideration
203basice first aid

Sign and symptoms of snake bite
•Pain and numbness at the site of bite
•Drowsiness
•Swelling
•Diminish of vision
•Difficulty in breathing and speech
•Area becomes bluish purple after bite in 12 hours
•Dribbling of saliva
•Paralysis
•Convulsions
•Coma
204basice first aid

Treatment of snake bite
•Lay the patient down. Give complete rest
•Calm and reassure
•Do not make to walk
•Immobilize the affected limb and gently wash the wound
with normal saline
•Apply ice packs
•Sucking the poison from the site is controversial practice
•Treat shock
•If difficulty in breathing , resuscitate
•Shift the victim to the hospital
205basice first aid

Spider
•There are different types of spider
like black and brown.
•Because most

spider bites
don't fully
penetrate human skin, they usually
cause only mild reactions.
•However, black widow and brown
recluse spider bites can cause serious
reactions and need immediate care.

•Allergic reactions
can happen but are
rare.
206basice first aid

Signs and Symptoms of spider bite:
•red blister in the center with surrounding bluish
discoloration around the bite
•swelling or redness around the bite
•development of pain around the bite within 2 to 8
hours
•joint stiffness or pain
•nausea,

vomiting
•body rash
•fever
and chills
•fatigue
207basice first aid

What to Do
•Clean the wound. Use mild soap and water
and apply an antibiotic ointment.
•Apply a cool compress. Use a cloth dampened
with cold water or filled with ice. This helps
reduce pain and swelling. If the bite is on an
arm or leg, elevate it.
•Use over-the-counter medications. Try a pain
reliever, such as acetaminophen , ibuprofen or
an antihistamine
208basice first aid

When to seek medical care
Seek prompt medical attention in the following
situations:
•If the bite was from a poisonous spider.
•The person who was bitten experiences
severe pain, abdominal cramping or a growing
ulcer at the bite site.
•The person who was bitten isn't breathing.
209basice first aid

Insects
•Insects like bees, wasps and jelly-fish
cause stings which are very painful.
Sign and symptoms
Sharp pain
Swelling and reddens
Sting may be there in the wound
Shock
210basice first aid

Treatment of insect bite
1. Removal of sting
•If embedded in the skin hold tweezers as near to the skin
as possible grasp the sting and remove it
 do not squeeze the poison sac because this will force the
remaining poison in to the skin
2. Local treatment
Bee venom is acid and it should be neutralized by
ammonia , soda or other week bases
Wasp venom is alkaline and it should be neutralized by
vinegar or lemon juice
Cold compress to control pain
For jelly stings apply calamine lotion
211basice first aid

3. Treatment of insect stings inside mouth or
throat
o to reduce swelling give ice to suck. Rinse the
mouth with cold water .
oIf breathing becomes difficult , place the
causality in recovery position
4. If required shift the causality to hospital
212basice first aid

Rabies
•Dog bites are very serious
•It may cause fatal medical condition called
hydrophobia
•The dog should be watched for ten days
•If the dog is healthy after 10 days then, there is no
danger of rabies
Symptoms of bite
 history of bite
Discomfort
Pain
213basice first aid

Symptoms of rabies
 headache
Nausea /vomiting
Agitation , confusion and hallucination
Difficulty in swallowing
Foaming at mouth
Respiratory paralysis
Difficulty in drinking water
214basice first aid

Treatment
 Wash the wound with soap and water
Put sterile dressing
Shift to hospital immediately
215basice first aid

11. Needle stick injuries
•Needle stick injuries are wounds caused by
needles that accidentally puncture the skin.
•Needle stick injuries are a hazard for people
who work with hypodermic syringes and
other needle equipment.
•These injuries can occur at any time when
people use, disassemble, or dispose of
needles.
•When not disposed of properly, needles can
become concealed in linen or garbage and
injure other workers who encounter them
unexpectedly.
216basice first aid

Management Needle stick injuries
If a person suffer a needle stick injury, the
following procedures should be followed:
•Remove contaminated clothing.
•Wash the area gently with soap and running
tap water as soon as possible.
•Apply an antiseptic and a clean dressing.
•If a source individual is identified, they should
be strongly encouraged to undergo blood
testing
217basice first aid

12. Minor skin injuries
•Skin is the largest organ of the human body.
•It is soft to allow movement, but tough
enough to resist breaking or tearing.
•It varies in texture and thickness from one
part of the body to the next.
•It consists of three main layers – the
epidermis and the dermis and hypodermis.
The two broad categories of skin wounds
include abrasions and incised wounds.
218basice first aid

Abrasions
•An abrasion means that the surface layers of
the skin (epidermis) has been broken.
• Thin-skinned bony areas (like knees, ankles
and elbows) are more prone to abrasions than
thicker, more padded areas.
• The scraped skin of an abrasion can contain
particles of dirt.
219basice first aid

First aid treatment for abrasion includes:
•Clean the wound with a non-fibre shedding
material or sterile gauze, and use an antiseptic
such as Betadine.
•If there is embedded dirt, Savlon may be used as
it contains an antiseptic and a surfactant to help
remove debris.
•Rinse the wound after five minutes with sterile
saline or flowing tap water.
•Don’t scrub at embedded dirt, as this can
traumatise the site even more.
•Cover the cleaned wound with an appropriate
non-stick sterile dressing.
220basice first aid

Incised wounds
Incised wounds are caused by sharp objects,
such as knives or shards of glass, slicing into
the skin.
Depending on the injury, underlying blood
vessels can be punctured, leading to
significant blood loss.
A severed artery is a medical emergency,
because the muscular action of this blood
vessel will pump the entire blood supply out
of the wound in just a few minutes
221basice first aid

First aid treatment for Incised wounds includes:
•Remove clothing around the site for easier
access.
•Apply pressure directly to the wound with your
hands to stem the blood flow.
•Cover the wound with a sterile dressing, if
possible, and continue to apply direct pressure
(bandage firmly).
•Try to raise the injured area above the level of
the person’s heart.
•Don’t remove existing dressings if they become
saturated with blood, but instead add fresh
dressings over the top.
•Seek urgent medical attention.
222basice first aid

13. Chest injury
1. Stove in chest
 multiple fractures of chest wall results in the
area losing its rigidity and prevents movement
during breathing
Fracture ribs are sucked in during breathing in
and pushed out during breathing out.
Broken bones may damage other internal
organs or penetrate the skin causing a sucking
wound
223basice first aid

Signs and symptoms
• asphyxia
•Difficulty in breathing
•Frothy blood stained sputum/ spit indicating
lung damage
224basice first aid

Treatment
 support the affected part of rib cage with your hand
 help the casualty into a half sitting position inclined
towards the injured side support head and shoulders
 immobilize the chest wall. Place a thick pad of soft
material over the injured area and place the arm on
the injured side across the pad and support in an
elevation sling
Loosen any constricting clothing around the neck and
waist
If unconsciousness occurs , place in recovery position
 shift to the hospital immediately
225basice first aid

2. Penetrating chest and back wounds
 this injuries are caused by sharp knife and
gunshot wounds.
 air allowed directly in the chest cavity
Lung on the affected side deflates , even if it is
not punctured and is unable to take air
When the causality breathes in air is sucked in
through the wound , filling the chest cavity and
impair the action of sound lung
Amount of oxygen reaching the blood
decreases and asphyxia occurs
226basice first aid

Sign and symptoms
 pain in chest
Difficulty in breathing
Blueness of the mouth , cyanosis in nailbeds
and skin
Coughing of bright red frothy blood if lung is
injured
Blood stained fluid from the wound during
breathing out
Shock
227basice first aid

Treatment
oImmediately seal the open wound with the palm of hand
oPlace the casualty in half sitting position with head and
shoulders supported . Incline the body towards the
injured side
oGently cover the wound with a sterile dressing
oForm an air tight seal by covering the dressing with a
plastic sheet
oUnconscious patient having normal breathing be placed
in recovery position
oTreat shock
oShift to the hospital
228basice first aid

14. First aid kit
•Is like a bag or a container
which helps to store first aid or
emergency materials
•It can be kept in a home , office
and in car.
•It can be designed in many
shapes and sizes.
•Available in

Red Cross Store
or
local drug store .
•also can be made your own.
229basice first aid

Basic supplies
•Adhesive tape
•Elastic wrap bandages
•Bandage strips and "butterfly" bandages in assorted
sizes
•Nonstick sterile bandages and roller gauze in
assorted sizes
•Eye shield or pad
•Triangular bandage
•Aluminum finger split
•Instant cold packs
230basice first aid

•Cotton balls and cotton-
tipped swabs
•Disposable nonlatex
examination gloves, several
pairs
•Duct tape
•Petroleum jelly or other
lubricant
•Plastic bags, assorted sizes
•Safety pins in assorted sizes
•Scissors and tweezers
•Soap or hand sanitizer
231
•Antibiotic ointment
•Antiseptic solution
•Eyewash solution
•Thermometer
•bulb suction device for flushing
wounds
•Breathing barrier
•Syringe, medicine cup or spoon
•First-aid manual
basice first aid

Medications
•Calamine lotion
•Anti-diarrhea medication
•Laxative
•Antacids
•Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine
•Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others),
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and aspirin (never give
aspirin to children)
•Hydrocortisone cream
•Cough and cold medications
•Personal medications that don't need refrigeration
•Auto-injector of epinephrine, if prescribed by your doctor
232basice first aid

Emergency items
•Emergency phone numbers, including contact
information for your family doctor and pediatrician,
local emergency services, emergency road service
providers, and the poison help line, which in the
United States is 800-222-1222.
•Medical consent forms for each family member
•Medical history forms for each family member
•Small, waterproof flashlight or headlamp and extra
batteries
233basice first aid

Emergency items ……
•Waterproof matches
•Small notepad and waterproof writing
instrument
•Emergency space blanket
•Cell phone with solar charger
•Sunscreen
•Insect repellant
•Whistle
234basice first aid

235

236

.
10/04/24 237

basic first aid - nurse.pptgfgreervfdbfgb

About This Presentation

Slide Content

Tags

Categories

Download

Quick Actions

Statistics

Related Slideshows

basic first aid - nurse.pptgfgreervfdbfgb

About This Presentation

Slide Content

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77